1. Chapter 8 I. Appendicular Skeleton
We will focus on the:
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Upper limbs
Lower limbs

2. 8.1 A. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 1. Consists of scapula and clavicle
a. Clavicle articulates with sternum (sternoclavicular joint)
b. Clavicle articulates with scapula (acromioclavicular joint)
c. Scapula held in place by muscle only
2. Upper limb attached to pectoral girdle at shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

3. 3. Clavicle (collarbone)
a. S-shaped bone with two curves
b. Extends from sternum to scapula above 1st rib
c. Fracture site is junction of curves

4. 4. Posterior Surface of Scapula
a. Triangular flat bone in upper back region
b. Scapular spine ends as acromion process
c. Glenoid cavity forms shoulder joint w/ head of
humerus
d. Supraspinous & infraspinous fossa for muscular attachments

5. 5. Anterior Surface of Scapula
a. Subscapular fossa filled with muscle
b. Coracoid process for muscle attachment

6. 8. 2 B. Upper Extremity 1. Each upper limb = 30 bones 2. Joints
a. humerus within the arm
b. ulna & radius within the forearm
c. carpal bones within the wrist
d. metacarpal bones within the palm
e. phalanges in the fingers
2. Joints
a. shoulder (glenohumeral), elbow, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal

7. 3. Humerus --- Proximal End
a. Part of shoulder joint
b. Head & anatomical neck
c. Greater & lesser tubercles for muscle attachments, separated by intertubercular groove
d. Surgical neck is fracture site
e. Deltoid tuberosity midway on shaft- where deltoid muscle attaches

8. 4. Humerus --- Distal End
a. Forms elbow joint with ulna and radius at condyle
b. Condyle includes:
Capitulum
articulates with head of radius
Trochlea
Articulation with ulna
c. Olecranon fossa
posterior depression for olecranon process of ulna
d. Medial & lateral epicondyles
attachment of forearm muscles

9. 5.Ulna & Radius --- Proximal End
a. Ulna (on little finger side)
trochlear notch articulates with humerus & radial notch with radius
olecranon process forms point of elbow
b. Radius (on thumb side)
head articulates with capitulum of humerus & radial notch of ulna
tuberosity for muscle attachment

10. 6. Elbow Joint a. Articulation of humerus with ulna and radius
b. Ulna articulates with trochlea of humerus
c. Radius articulates with capitulum of humerus
d. Interosseous membrane between ulna & radius provides site for muscle attachment

11. 7. Ulna and Radius - Distal End
a. Ulna --styloid process
head separated from wrist joint by fibrocartilage disc
b. Radius
forms distal radioulnar joint with head of ulna

12. 8. Carpal Bones (wrist) a. Proximal row - lat to med
scaphoid - boat shaped
lunate - moon shaped
triquetrum - 3 corners
pisiform - pea shaped
b. Distal row - lateral to medial
trapezium - four sided
trapezoid - four sided
capitate - large head
hamate - hooked process
c. Carpal tunnel--tunnel of bone & flexor retinaculum

13. 9. Metacarpals and Phalanges
a. Metacarpals
5 total----#1 proximal to thumb
base, shaft, head
knuckles (metacarpophalangeal joints)
b. Phalanges
14 total: each is called phalanx
proximal, middle, distal on each finger, except thumb

14. 8.3 C. Pelvic Girdle and Hip Bones
1. Pelvic girdle: 2 hip bones united at pubic symphysis
articulate posteriorly w/ sacrum at sacroiliac joints
a. Each hip bone (coxal bone): made up of ilium, pubis, and ischium
fuse after birth at acetabulum
b. Pelvis: 2 hip bones, sacrum & coccyx

15. 2. Ischium and Pubis a. Ischium- lower posterior part
ischial spine & tuberosity
lesser sciatic notch
ramus
b. Pubis- anterior
body
superior & inferior ramus
pubic symphysis: pad of fibrocartilage between 2 pubic bones

16. 3. Ilium a. iliac crest & iliac spines- sites of muscle attachment
b. Iliac fossa- muscle attachment
c. Gluteal lines indicating muscle attachment- large muscles!
d. Greater sciatic notch – allows passage of sciatic nerve

17. 4. Pelvis a. Pelvic brim b. Pelvic axis: path of babies head
sacral promontory to symphysis pubis
separates false from true pelvis
false pelvis holds only abdominal organs
b. Pelvic axis: path of babies head

18. 5. Female and Male Skeletons
a. Male skeleton
larger and heavier
larger articular surfaces
larger muscle attachments
b. Female pelvis
wider & shallower
larger pelvic inlet & outlet
more space in true pelvis
pubic arch >90 degrees

19. Female Male

20. 8.4 D. Lower Extremity 1. Each lower limb has 30 bones 2. Joints
femur and patella (thigh)
tibia & fibula (leg)
tarsal bones (foot)
metatarsals (forefoot)
phalanges (toes)
2. Joints
hip, knee, ankle
proximal & distal tibiofibular
metatarsophalangeal

21. 3. Femur and Patella a. Femur (thighbone) b. Patella
longest & strongest bone in body
head articulates with acetabulum (attached by ligament of head of femur)
neck is common fracture site
greater & lesser trochanters, linea aspera, & gluteal tuberosity-- muscle attachments
medial & lateral condyles articulate w/ tibia
patellar surface anteriorly btwn condyles
b. Patella
triangular sesamoid bone
increases leverage of quadriceps femoris tendon

22. 4. Tibia and Fibula a. Tibia b. Fibula medial & larger bone of leg
weight-bearing bone
lateral & medial condyles
tibial tuberosity for patellar lig.
proximal tibiofibular joint
medial malleolus at ankle
b. Fibula
not part of knee joint
muscle attachment only
lateral malleolus at ankle

23. 5. Tarsals a. Proximal region of foot (contains 7 tarsal bones)
-Saying: troy can catch no mayo in lettuce
b. Talus = ankle bone (articulates w/ tibia & fibula)
c. Calcaneus - heel bone
d. Cuboid, navicular & 3 cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)

24. 6. Metatarsals and Phalanges
a. Metatarsals
midregion of the foot
5 metatarsals (#1 is most medial)
each with base, shaft and head
b. Phalanges
distal portion of the foot
similar in number and arrangement to the hand
big toe is hallux

25. Arches of the Foot Function
distribute body weight over foot
yield & spring back when weight is lifted
Longitudinal arches along each side of foot
Transverse arches across midfoot region
navicular, cuneiforms & bases of metatarsals

26. Clinical Problems Flatfoot Clawfoot Hip fracture
weakened ligaments allow bones of medial arch to drop
Clawfoot
medial arch is too elevated
Hip fracture
1/2 million/year in US
osteoporosis

27. Chapter 9: Joints Classification of Joints
Structural classification- focus on material binding bones together & present/absence of joint cavity
1. fibrous joints- bones joined by fibrous tissue, lack joint cavity
2. cartilaginous joints- bones joined by cartilage, lack joint cavity
3. synovial joints- bones are separated by fluid containing joint cavity

28. B. Functional classification- based on amount of movement joint allows 1. synarthroses- immovable joints 2. amphiarthroses- slightly movable joints 3. diarthroses- freely moveable joints II. Fibrous joints A. sutures (skull bones), use connective tissue fibers to hold bones together

29. III. Cartilaginous joints A
III. Cartilaginous joints A. bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unite bones (epiphyseal plate) B. articular surfaces covered w/ cartilage that is fused to pad or plate of fibrocartilage (pubic symphyses) IV. Synovial joints A. have the following structural features: 1. cartilage covers ends of bones 2. joint cavity is a space filled w/ fluid

30. 3. a 2-layered capsule encloses joint cavity 4
3. a 2-layered capsule encloses joint cavity 4. synovial fluid is slippery & reduces friction 5. ligaments cross synovial joints to strengthen joint B. Types of synovial joints (see pg 278) 1. gliding (wrist, clavicle/sternum) 1. hinge (elbow, knee, ankle) 2. pivot (atlas/axis) 3. saddle (carpometacarpal) 4. ball & socket (shoulder, hip)