A Renewable Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines Biodiesel A Renewable Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project Outline What is biodiesel? What can be used to make biodiesel? How is biodiesel manufactured? How is biodiesel used? What are the benefits of biodiesel? What are the effects of biodiesel on the environment and human health? How will using biodiesel affect my engine warranty? What about cold weather operation? How does biodiesel perform in engines? Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project What is Biodiesel? Biodiesel is a renewable, alternative fuel for use in compression-ignition (diesel) engines Biodiesel is a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM D6751 Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project IS IS NOT A commercially-manufactured fuel that meets specific, recognized quality standards Raw vegetable oil Filtered grease or cooking oil This fuel was manufactured in a BQ 9000 facility - it meets ASTM D6751 quality standards! This fuel was made in Bob’s shed – it meets Bob’s quality (?) standards! Do you trust Bob??? ??? Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

ASTM D6751 Biodiesel Standard Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

What can be used to make Biodiesel? Oil Seeds Soybeans Canola Cottonseed Sunflowers Animal Fats Beef tallow Pork lard Recycled cooking oils/greases Algae Other Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

How is Biodiesel Manufactured? 100 – lbs. 10 – lbs. Feedstock Vegetable oils Animal fats Waste fats/oils Transesterification Methanol Plus Catalyst Refining Crude Biodiesel Biodiesel 10 – lbs. 100 – lbs. Crude Glycerin Glycerin Refining Methanol Recovery Glycerin Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project How is Biodiesel Used? Pure biodiesel (B100) is normally “blended” with petroleum diesel for use in engines. Biodiesel blends are designated by the % biodiesel they contain: B5 5% biodiesel 95% petroleum diesel B20 (most common blend) 20% biodiesel 80% petroleum diesel Can be used in most CI engines with no modifications Biodiesel blends are designated according to the % of biodiesel Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of D2, B20 and B1001 Fuel Specific gravity Lbs/gal BTU/lb BTU/gal D2 0.835 6.963 19,764 (100%) 137,617 (100%) B20 0.862 7.189 18,917 (-4.3%) 135,994 (-1.2%) B100 0.866 7.389 17,111 (-13.4%) 126,433 (-8.1%) 1 Values from the NREL Fuels Database Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

What are the Benefits of Biodiesel??? Is renewable Is domestically-produced Is non-toxic and biodegradable Blends up to B20 require no (or minor) vehicle modifications Increases lubricity of fuel Reduces global warming gasses Reduces tailpipe emissions Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

What are the Effects of Biodiesel on the Environment and Human Health? Average Emissions Reduction with Biodiesel Biodiesel Reduces: Hydrocarbons Human Carcinogen Particulates Carbon Monoxide Human Toxin CO2 (lifecycle basis) Greenhouse gas Effect on NOX emissions is unclear Contributes to smog Health hazard Source: US Environmental Protection Agency Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

B20 Reduces Harmful Emissions Relative to Petroleum Diesel Source: US DOE, 2008 Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project B20 Reduces Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by 15% Relative to Petroleum Diesel Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

How will using Biodiesel Affect My Engine Warranty? Engine and vehicle manufacturers warranty materials and workmanship only – not fuels. Any engine damage due to fuel quality (either diesel or biodiesel) is not covered by the manufacturer’s warranty. Only use biodiesel from a BQ-9000 certified source. Federal law prohibits voiding an engine warranty due to the use of biodiesel; UNLESS the biodiesel is proven to be the cause of failure. Most manufacturers make specific recommendations about the use of specific biodiesel blends. Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Does My Engine Manufacturer Approve the Use of Biodiesel? These (and other) manufacturers approve the use of various biodiesel blends in some or all of their engines. Must meet ASTM D6571 quality standard Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

What about Cold Weather Operation? Biodiesel gels at higher temperatures than diesel Gelling temperature increases with: Higher blends (B20 vs. B5) Animal-based feedstock Gelling temperature can be decreased with commercial “pour point depressants” One manufacturer claims to lower gelling temperature to -40 ⁰F for B20. Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

UA Biodiesel Test Results Kubota RTV900 Utility Vehicles John Deere 3203 Compact Utility Tractor John Deere PowerTech M 4.5 L irrigation engine Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project Kubota RTV900 Diesel Utility Vehicle Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Fuel Efficiency – Diesel vs. B20 In-Use Tests Lab Tests Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Power Output – Diesel vs. B20 Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

John Deere 3203 Compact Utility Tractor Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

John Deere 3203 Compact Utility Tractor Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

PowerTech M Irrigation Engine Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Rated Engine Speed (2400 rpm) Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project Pumping Speed (1800 RPM) Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Summary - How Does Biodiesel Affect Engine Performance? Blends of up to B20 No appreciable differences in: Power (~ 1-2%) Torque (~ 1-2%) Fuel efficiency (~ 1-2%) No effect on: Engine life Engine wear Decrease in: CO Hydrocarbons Particulate matter Effect on NOX varies Mobile Biodiesel Demonstration Unit Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project Power and Torque Summary (Hudson, 2010) Source Engine Type Fuel Type Power Torque Hansen, Gratton, & Yuan (2006) 7.3 L International T 444E HT, V-8 D2 0% loss BE5 9.5% loss B100 9.1% loss E10 3.0% loss B2 0.5% loss Schumacher, Clark, Lyons, & Marshall (2001) Series 60 DDC 19.48 Hp-hr B20 19.43 Hp-hr B30 19.50 Hp-hr B20/A15 19.13 Hp-hr Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Fuel Efficiency Summary (Hudson, 2010) Source Engine Type Fuel Type Fuel Efficiency Canakci & Van Gerpen (2003) John Deere 4247T, four cylinder, direct injection D2 228.42 g/kWh B20 soybean 234.55 g/kWh B20 yellow grease 234.29 g/kWh B100 soybean 259.33 g/kWh B100 yellow grease 260.94 g/kWh Hardin, Brown, Roller, Johnson, & Wardlow (2007) John Deere 3203, Yanmar engine, three cylinder 0.327 kg/kWh B20 0.333 kg/kWh B100 0.366 kg/kWh Li, McLaughlin, Patterson, & Burtt (2006) Instrumented research tractor 7.91 MJ/L 7.78 MJ/L B50 soybean 7.58 MJ/L 7.40 MJ/L Proc, Barnitt, Hayes, Ratcliff, & McCormick (2006) Orion V transit buses 4.41 mpg Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

NOX Emissions Summary (Hudson, 2010) Source Engine Type Fuel Type NOx Unit Canakci & Van Gerpen (2003) John Deere 4276T, four cylinder, direct injection D2 ≈18.8 g/kw-hr B20 soybean ≈19.0 B20 yellow grease B100 soybean ≈21.0 B100 yellow grease ≈20.8 Hansen, Gratton, & Yuan (2006) 7.3L International T 444E HT, eight cylinder, direct injection 8.77 B2 soybean 8.92 9.82 Li, McLaughlin, Patterson, & Burtt (2006) Instrumented research tractor 185 g/ha 182 B50 soybean 197 209 Schumacher, Clark, Lyons, & Marshall (2001) 1992 Cummins L10E, six cylinder, direct injection 5.01 g/HP-hr B20 5.17 Schumacher, Marshall, Krahl, Wetherell, & Grabowski (2001) 1991 DDC Series 60, six cylinder 3.413 g/kW-hr 3.452 B35 3.448 B65 3.561 B100 3.808 Tat & Van Gerpen (2003) John Deere 4045TF, four cylinder, direct injection ≈8.5 ≈9.6 ≈8.6 Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project

Overview of Lab Activity Compare D2 and B20 in John Deere 3203 Compact Utility Tractor Performance measures Power (HP) Torque (lb-ft) Fuel efficiency sfc (lbs/hph) Thermal efficiency (%) NOX emissions (ppm) Data Collection Sheet Safety Arkansas Biodiesel Research, Demonstration and Education Project