1. BTC PTEC Biodiesel Workshop August 7 – 8, 2006 Session 7 – Feed stock and biodiesel quality

2. Agenda for session Feedstocks for biodiesel US and WA feedstocks Oil yields for different sources Comparison of feedstocks Feedstock preparation Feedstock quality issues and tests Comparison of biodiesel from different feedstocks Evaluation of biodiesel quality

3. Feedstocks for biodiesel Vegetable oils (most volume) –Soybean –Rapeseed –Palm Animal fats (lower cost) –Rendering plants Spent oils (lowest cost, so far) –Yellow and grey grease

4. Some US feedstocks FeedstockBillion lb/yr% of total Soybean oil18.355.1 Corn oil2.47.2 Cottonseed oil1.03.1 Edible tallow1.64.8 Inedible tallow3.811.5 Lard and grease1.33.9 Yellow grease2.67.8 Poultry fat2.26.6 Total33.2100

5. Vegetable oil production in WA (Armstrong, 2005) WA crops (millions of planted acres) –2.3 in wheat –0.337 in barley –0.0077 in canola 100,000 acres needed for a 5 million gallons/year canola/mustard biodiesel plant Not promising due to –Closest crushing facility is in Montana –Low current market prices –Little experience with oil crops

6. Vegetable oil yields Feedstocklb oil/acregal/acre Oil palm4465635 Rapeseed893127 Mustard seed43061 Soybean33548 Corn12918

7. Vegetable oil yeilds US –Soybean oil (0.4 T oil/ha, 20% yield from seeds) –Canola and mustard oil (40% yield from seeds) Europe –Rapeseed oil (0.5 T/ha, 40% yield from seeds) –Sunflower oil (0.5 T/ha) Tropics –Palm oil (4 T/ha)

8. Comparison of feedstocks Vegetable oil –Unrefined (high phospholipid content) un-degummed oils have separation problems in the process –Refined (better product) Animal fats –Lower cost –Higher concentrations of saturated FA –Biodiesel products may have higher freezing points –Higher cetane numbers

9. Comparison of feedstocks Spent oils –Trap grease (odor, moisture and color problems for this low cost feedstock) –Brown grease (FFA > 15%) –Yellow grease (FFA < 15%) –Cheaper

10. Prices SubstancePrice, 6/037/06 Grain$8.72/bu Soymeal$0.13/lb Soy oil$2.23/gal$2/gal Diesel$1.44/gal$3/gal Biodiesel$3/gal Glycerine$5.25/gal Methanol Ethanol$1.32/gal

11. Feedstock preparation Harvesting Crushing and pressing to separate the oil Filtration Removal of gums (phosphatides – 1.5 to 2.5% and unsaponifiable matter – 1.6%) Removal of free fatty acids (0.3 – 0.7%, soybean oil) Bleaching and deodorizing

12. Feedstock quality issues Free fatty acids (variable) Phosphorus (may be 600 – 900 ppm in soybean oil Sulfur (usually low, < 3 – 5 ppm in vegetable oil but may be higher in animal fats, 40 – 50 ppm) Iodine value (level of saturation) Water (variable) Solids (should be filtered, 100 micron)

13. Feedstock quality tests Fatty acids Specific gravity Refractive index Iodine number Saponification number Color

14. Free fatty acid concentrations Refined vegetable oil < 0.05% Crude soybean oil0.3 – 0.7% Yellow grease2 – 7% Animal fat5 – 30% Trap grease75 – 100%

15. Comparison of feedstocks Fatty Acid Profile (major FA) Oil or fat16:018:018:118:218:3 Soybean6 - 102 - 520 - 3050 - 605 - 11 Cottonseed20 - 251 - 225 - 3540 - 50 Rapeseed (hi oleic) 4.31.359.921.113.2 Lard28 - 3012 - 1840 - 507 - 130 - 1 Tallow24 - 3220 - 2537 - 432 - 3

16. Problems in feedstocks due to Free fatty acids (can react with catalyst to make it ineffective) Phosphorus (ASTM fuel limitation of 10 ppm) Sulfur (ASTM fuel limitation of 15 ppm) Water (can deactivate the catalyst interfere with the reaction and methanol recovery)

17. Processing High FFA Feedstocks High FFA from animal stock and spent grease Mainly acid catalyst to form esters (forms water) so that FFA <0.5%, followed by normal base catalyst transesterification Or just do normal transesterification and live with results (loss of FFA and possible emulsion formation) for low FFA levels

18. Comparison of B100 from different feedstocks feedstockCloud Point, deg C Iodine value Cetane number Diesel-1249.2 Rapeseed091.961.8 Canola1102.857.9 Tallow1649.172.7 Soybean3103.654.8

19. Product quality tests ASTM D6751 tests BQ-9000 tests Others –Physical properties –Iodine number

20. ASTM D6751 Biodiesel Standard PropertyTestLimitsUnit Flash PointD93130 minDeg C Water and sedimentD27090.050 max% volume Kinematic viscosity @ 40 deg CD4451.9 – 6.0mm 2 /sec Sulfated ashD8740.020 max% mass SulfurD54530.0015 or 0.05 max% mass Copper strip corrosionD130No. 3 max Cetane numberD61347 min Cloud pointD2500reportDeg C Carbon residue (100% sample)D45300.050 max% mass Acid numberD6640.80 maxmg KOH/g Free/total glycerineD65840.02/0.24 max% mass PhosphorusD49510.001 max% mass Distil temperature (90% recovered) D1160360 maxDeg C

21. Product quality issues Quality of the feedstock –Fatty acid composition –Contaminants (solids, moisture) Processing –Chemicals used (nature and purity) –Completeness of reaction Tri, di, mon glyceride products for incomplete reaction –Contaminants –Clean up steps (Water wash or Magnesol) Post production –Filtration (5 micron)

22. Product quality Glycerols (easily removed by washing) –Total glycerol < 0.24% –Free glycerol < 0.02% –Monoglycerols have low solubility in product Alcohol –Biodiesel may have 4 – 5% alcohol –< 0.1% indirectly due to flash point limit –Small amounts will not affect engine Catalyst –sulfated ash < 0.02% limit –Mostly removed with glycerin phase