Formation/basics of E1 Basics of PDH Basics of SDH Formation of STM.

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Formation/basics of E1 Basics of PDH Basics of SDH Formation of STM

PDH (Plisynchronous Digital Hierarchy ) PDH is almost synchronous. It is simply Multiplexing of E1`s. Sampling, Quantizing & Encoding (i.e. PCM) of Analog voice channels produces 64Kbps channel. 32 such channels multiplexed to produce E1 (the basic unit of PDH) Clock 8000 Hz Voice Coded in 8 bits/sample E1 (TS0 to TS31) A/D Primary unit of PDH i.e. E1 (8000 samples)X(8bit/sample) =64,000bps 32 Channels each 64 Kbps

PDH (Plisynchronous Digital Hierarchy ) Contd… Formation of E2, E3… As basic unit of PDH is E1 E1=32X64Kbps = 2.048Mbps E2=4E1=8.44Mbps E3=4E2=16E1=34.368Mbps E4=4E3=140Mbps Disadvantages of PDH System: Not fully synchronous. Complex hardware Back to back multiplexing Less bandwidth More hardware cost If we want to get E1 from E4 ,we have to demultiplex it by going back step by step. i.e.1st E4 is broken into E3, then E3 to E2 & so on, thus form a complex hardware.

Basics of E1 E1 Concentrated E1: 2.5 TS for 1 TRx TS0: Frame synchronization & Alarms TS16: Signaling & Alarms TS1 to TS15 & TS17 to TS31 : For Data TS0 TS1 TS2 TS16 TS 29 30 31 E1 Concentrated E1: 2.5 TS for 1 TRx Un-concentrated E1: 3TS for 1 TRx Hybrid E1: 2TS for 1 TRx

(TUG3)X (3)+(High order POH)+( Stuffing) Journey from E1 to STM 1 E1 2.048 Mbps Justification bit Low path overhead Pointer X 3= TUG 2 6.972Mbps (i.e. 3 E1) (TUG2)X( 7) + (Pointer) C12 2.224Mbps TUG 3 49.536Mbps (i.e. 21 E1) VC12 2.240Mbps (TUG3)X (3)+(High order POH)+( Stuffing) TU12 2.304Mbps SOH + Pointer VC 4 150.336Mbps (i.e. 63 E1) STM 1, 155.5Mbps

(TUG3)X (3)+(High order POH)+( Stuffing) Journey from E1 to STM 1 E1 2.048 Mbps TU12(Tributary Unit) Justification bit Low path overhead Pointer X 3= TUG 2 6.972Mbps (i.e. 3 E1) (TUG2)X( 7) + (Pointer) C12 2.224Mbps TUG 3 49.536Mbps (i.e. 21 E1) VC12 2.240Mbps (TUG3)X (3)+(High order POH)+( Stuffing) TU12 2.304Mbps SOH + Pointer VC 4 150.336Mbps (i.e. 63 E1) STM 1, 155.5Mbps

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ) Key features It is fully synchronous. It can carry circuit switched or Packet Switched both. All network element use same clock. Tributary can mapped or extracted directly from pointers. Different transmission rates in STM STM1: 155Mbps STM4: 622Mbps STM16: 2.48Gbps STM64: 10Gbps

KLM in SDH & PDH PDH: All 17 E1 SDH: All 63 E1 1.1.1 1.2.1 1.3.1 1.4.1 1.1.2 1.2.2 1.3.2 1.4.2 1.1.3 1.2.3 1.3.3 1.4.3 1.1.4 1.2.4 1.3.4 1.4.4 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3

Krishna Mohan Prepared by: Fill free to contact Krishna.mohan.ec@gmail.com