1. PRESENTATION BY SRIDHARSAN T P
SONET
PRESENTATION BY
SRIDHARSAN T P

2. STRUCTURE SUMMARY OPTICAL NETWORKING HISTORY SERIAL COMMUNICATION
ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS
PDH TECNOLOGY
BLOCK DIAGRUM
PULSE CODE MODULATION
LIMITATIONS OF PDH
SONET
ACHIEVEMENTS
FEATURES
BLOCK DIAGRUM
LAYERS
FRAME
MERITS
SUMMARY

3. OPTICAL NETWORKING
Optical networking is a means of communication that uses signals encoded onto light to transmit information among various nodes of a telecommunications network.
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSMITTERS
RECIEVERS
FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
AMPLIFIERS
WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

4. HISTORY 1880 – PHOTOPHONE by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Summer.
1954 – USING GLASS ROD by Harold Hopkins Narinder Singh Kapany.
1966 – COMPARISSON Between Glass Rod and Coaxial cable, Electricity and Light by  Charles K. Kao and George Hockham.
1970 – OPTICAL FIBRE DEVOLOPPED by  Corning Glass Works ( attenuation about 20 dB/km).
1975 – COMMERCIAL IMPLIMENTATION (45Mbit/s)

5. SERIAL COMMUNICATION

6. ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION
Total 10 bits (8 bit data + 2 bit parity)
Gap between bytes
Slow
No clock signal required
Economical
Applicable in bit level communication
Example : Keyboard, Mouse

7. SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION
Transmit block of data and bit streams
No gap between bytes
Faster
Transmitter and reciever are synchronised
Reciever counts bits and generate bytes
Accuracy is depends on the counting

8. PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HEIRARCHY
Plesios – near, Chronos – time
Almost synchronoused
PDH allows transmission of data streams that are nominally
running at the same rate, but allowing some variation on the
speed around a nominal rate.
This means that different data streams can (and probably do).
 run at slightly different rates from one another.
Bit stuffing technology is used
Have two standards
North America (Designed as DS0)
Europe (designated as E0)

9. BLOCK DIAGRUM

10. PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)
Method to convert analog signal to digital signal
The word pulse refers to pulses found in transmission lines
PCM is in binary form 
Two possible states high and low(0 and 1)
We can also get back our analog signal by demodulation
Have include three steps
Sampling
Quantization
Coding

12. LIMITATIONS OF PDH
Different frame is used for transmission and in data layer,
Hence multiplexing and de-multiplexing is very complex.
The maximum capacity for PDH is 566 Mbps, which is limited
in Bandwidth.
PDH allows only Point-to-Point configuration
PDH does not support Hub. 
Every manufacturer has its own standards; PDH also has
different multiplexing hierarchies making it difficult to
integrate interconnecting networks together.

13. SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORKING
ACHIEVEMENTS
Standard multiplexing using multiples of Mbps
(STS-1 & STS-N) as building blocks
Optical signal standard for interconnecting multiple
vendor equipment
Multiplexing formats for existing digital signals
(DS1,DS2 etc)
Supports ITU hierarchy (E1 etc)
Allows quick recovery from failure

14. FEATURES
First standardized by ANSI, now SDH by ITU-T
SONET is time division multiplexing
SONET encompasses optical and electrical specification
SONET uses octet multiplexing
SONET uses extremely precise timing
Provides support for operation, maintenance and
administration (OAM)

15. BLOCK DIAGRUM

16. STS MULTIPLEXER
Multiplexes and de-multiplexes signals from multiple sources
Path terminating equipment
Maps user payload into standard frame
Header goes end-to-end as part of Synchronous Payload
Envelope – SPE

17. ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER
Adds signals from different sources/removes
Uses header address information to identify stream
and remove
Line terminating Equipment
Performs multiplexing, synchronization

18. Frame alignment, Error detecting Section terminating equipment
REGENERATOR
Repeater – improves signal quality
Operations – include layer 2
Frame alignment, Error detecting
Section terminating equipment

19. ABOUT THE BLOCK DIAGRUM
SECTION
Connects two neighboring devices
LINE
Connects two multiplexers
PATH
Connects two STS MUX and DEMUX

20. SONET LAYERS

21. SONET FRAME
STS-1 FRAME

22. SONET FRAME VALUES

23. MERITS OF SONET
A more simplified multiplexing and demultiplexing
technique.
Synchronous networking and SDH supports multipoint
networking.
Capability of transporting existing PDH signals
It is multivendor and supports different operators
It allows quick recovery from failure
 Switching protection to traffic is offered by rings

24. SUMMARY A carrier system – optical carriers
Synchronous transmission - faster
Time Division multiplexing
High speed backbone
Support for high bit rate applications
Add/Drop multiplexers
Self healing rings

25. THANKS