1. Delivered by: Dr. Erna Sri Sugesti
PDH & SDH
Delivered by: Dr. Erna Sri Sugesti

2. PDH PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY.
A TECHNOLOGY USED IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK TO TRANSPORT LARGE QUANTITY OF DATA OVER DIGITAL TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT SUCH AS FIBRE OPTIC AND MICROWAVE RADIO WAVE SYSTEMS.
THE TERM “PLESIOCHRONOUS” IS DERIVED FROM Greek plesio which means near, and chronous, time.
IT MEANS THAT PDH NETWORKS RUN IN A STATE WHERE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE NETWORK ARE ALMOST, BUT NOT QUITE PERFECTLY SYNCHRONISED.

3. PDH
SENDING A LARGE QUANTITY OF DATA ON FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION ARE SYNCHRONIZED BUT TIMING IS NOT.
THE CHANNEL CLOCKS ARE DERIVED FROM DIFFERENT MASTER CLOCKS WHOSE RANGE IS SPECIFIED TO LIE WITHIN CERTAIN LIMITS. THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A “PLESIOCHRONOUS” SIGNAL.
PDH SIGNALS ARE NEITHER SYNCHRONOUS NOR ASYNCHRONOUS.

4. PDH
PDH ALLOWS TRANSMISSION OF DATA STREAMS THAT ARE NOMINALLY RUNNING AT THE SAME RATE, BUT ALLOWING SOME VARIATION ON THE SPEED AROUND A NOMINAL RATE.
BY ANALOGY, ANY TWO WATCHES ARE NOMINALLY RUNNING AT THE SAME RATE, CLOCKING UP 60 SECONDS EVERY MINUTE.
HOWEVER, THERE IS NO LINK BETWEEN WATCHES TO GUARANTEE THEY RUN AT EXACTLY THE SAME RATE.
IT IS HIGHLY LIKELY THAT ONE IS RUNNING SLIGHTLY FASTER THAN THE OTHER.

5. VERSIONS OF PDH THERE ARE TWO VERSIONS OF PDH NAMELY
1) THE EUROPEAN AND 2 ) THE AMERICAN.
THEY DIFER SLIGHTLY IN THE DETAIL OF THEIR WORKING BUT THE PRINCIPLES ARE THE SAME.
EUROPEAN PCM = 30 CHANNELS
NORTH AMERICAN PCM = 24 CHANNELS
JAPANESE PCM = 24 CHANNELS
IN INDIA WE FOLLOW THE EUROPEAN PCM OF 30 CHANNELS SYSTEM WORKING.

6. EUROPEAN DIGITAL HIERARCHY
30 Channel PCM = 2 Mbps
2 Mbps x 4 = 8 Mbps
8 Mbps x 4 = 34 Mbps
34 Mbps x 4 = 140 Mbps
140 Mbps x 4 = 565 Mbps

7. EUROPEAN PDH HIERARCHY WITH BIT RATES
MUX
BIT RATE
PARTS PER MILLION
CHANNELS
2 Mbps
2.048 Mbps
+/- 50 ppm 30
8 Mbps
8.448 Mbps
+/- 30 ppm
120
34 Mbps
Mbps
+/- 20 ppm
480
140 Mbps
Mbps
+/- 15 ppm
1920

8. DESCRIPTION OF EUROPEAN E-CARRIER SYSTEM
THE BASIC DATA TRANSFER RATE IS A STREAM OF 2048 KBPS.
FOR SPEECH TRANSMISSION, THIS IS BROKEN DOWN INTO 30 X 64 KBIT/S CHANNELS PLUS 2 X 64 KBPS CHANNELS USED FOR SIGNALLING AND SYNCHRONIZATION.
ALTERNATIVELY, THE WHOLE 2 MB/S MAY BE USED FOR NON SPEECH PURPOSES, FOR EXAMPLE, DATA TRANSMISSION.
THE EXACT DATA RATE OF THE 2 MBPS DATA STREAM IS CONTROLLED BY A CLOCK IN THE EQUIPMENT GENERATING THE DATA.
THE EXACT RATE IS ALLOWED TO VARY SOME PERCENTAGE (+/- 50 PPM) EITHER SIDE OF AN EXACT MBPS.
DIFERENT 2 MBPS DATA STREAMS CAN BE RUNNING AT SLIGHTLY DIFERENT RATES TO ONE ANOTHER.

9. MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE
IN ORDER TO MOVE MULTIPLE 2 MBPS DATA STREAMS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER, THEY ARE COMBINED TOGETHER OR “MULTIPLEXED” IN GROUPS OF FOUR.
THIS IS DONE BY TAKING 1 BIT FROM STREAM #1, FOLLOWED BY 1 BIT FROM STREAM #2, THEN #3, THEN #4.
THE TRANSMITTING MULIPLEXER ALSO ADDS ADDITIONAL BITS IN ORDER TO ALLOW THE FAR END RECEIVING MULTIPLEXER TO DECODE WHICH BITS BELONG TO WHICH 2 MBPS DATA STREAM, AND SO CORRECTLY RECONSTITUTE THE ORIGINAL DATA STREAMS.
THESE ADDITIONAL BITS ARE CALLED “JUSTIFICATION” BITS OR “STUFFING BITS”

10. 30 Chl Digital Hierarchy II order Mux X 4 X 4 III Order Mux 480 Chls
2.048 Mbps
8.448 Mbps
Mbps
Mbps
III Order
Mux
480 Chls
IV Order
Mux
1920 Chls
Primary
Mux
30 Chls
II order
Mux
120 Chls
X 4
X 4

11. DIGITAL MUX CONCEPTS BIT INTERLEAVING:
ALTERNATELY EACH CHANNEL CODE CAN BE SCANNED ONE DIGIT AT A TIME. THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A “BIT INTERLEAVED SIGNAL”.
“BIT INTERLEAVING” IS USED IN HIGHER ORDER MULTIPLEXING. A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4 D1 D2 D3 D4

12. DIGITAL MUX CONCEPTS BYTE INTERLEAVING
WORD / BYTE / BLOCK INTERLEAVING:
IF THE CHANNEL TIME SLOT IS LONG ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE A GROUP OF BITS THEN THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A “ BYTE INTERLEAVED OR WORD INTERLEAVED SIGNAL”. A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3 A4 B4 C4 D4

13. SLIP, JUSTIFICATION AND JITTER
SLIP – THIS OCCURS WHEN THE INCOMING BIT RATE DOES NOT MATCH WITH THE DIVIDED MUX/DEMUX CLOCK RATE. SAME BIT MAY BE READ TWICE OR LOSS OF BITS WILL OCCUR.
JUSTIFICATION:- IT IS A PROCESS OF ADDING ADDITIONAL BITS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF SLIP.
JITTER:- DISPLACE MENT OF A PULSE FROM ITS NORMAL SIGNIFICANT INSTANT IS CALLED JITTER.

14. JUSTIFICATION -TYPES JUSTIFICATION POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION
NEGATIVE JUSTIFIATION
POSITIVE-NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION

15. JUSTIFICATION
IF MUX CLOCK RATE IS HIGHER THAN TRIBUTARY RATE, IT IS KNOWN AS POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION. THIS IS USED UPTO 140 MBPS SYSTEMS.
IF MUX CLOCK RATE IS LOWER THAN TRIBUTARY RATE, IT IS KNOWN AS NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION.
IF ON AN AVERAGE, MUX CLOCK RATE AND TRIBUTARY BIT RATE ARE EQUAL, IT IS CALLED POSITIVE-NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION.

16. PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN HIGHER ORDER MULTIPLEXING AND SOLUTIONS FOR THEM
MUX CLOCK SPEEDS SHOULD BE SAME AT BOTH THE ENDS. – SOLUTION :- THIS PROBLEM IS SOLVED BY USING P L L CIRCUIT AT TERMINAL “B” TO RECOVER THE CLOCK.
SYNCHRONIZATION:- SOLUTION- THIS IS SOLVED BY FRAME ALIGNMENT WORD (FAW).
TRIBUTARY BIT RATE AND MUX CLOCK (DIVIDED) SHOULD BE THE SAME:- SOLUTION - SOLVED BY PULSE STUFFING OR BIT STUFFING OR “ JUSTIFICATION” PROCESS. THISMEANS ADDING ADDITIONAL BITS.

17. FOTS FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM. SUB SYSTEMS –
DIGITAL MULTIPLEX SUB SYSTEM.
OPTICAL LINE TRANSMISSION SUB SYSTEM.
CENTRAL SUPERVISORY SUB SYSTEM
POWER SUB SYSTEM
ALARM SUB SYSTEM

18. Fiber Optic Cable
Fig 6.6
Unlike twisted pair and coax, fiber optic cable is made of thin filaments of glass or plastic, not of copper wire. Whereas a data signal travels over twisted pair or cable as electricity, signals are transmitted as light pulses over fiber. Lasers or LCDs produce the light. A thin coating, called cladding, prevents the light from leaving the strand. Also unlike copper media, fiber is not vulnerable to electro-magnetic interference.
Fiber has a much higher bandwidth than does copper media – that is, it can carry more data faster. Fiber can have a capacity of billions of bits per second. Fiber is also the most secure medium around today. The biggest drawback of fiber is that labor costs to install and repair fiber are very high.

19. FIBRE OPTIC CABLE Fiber Optic Cable
Consists of many extremely thin strands of solid glass or plastic bound together in a sheathing
Transmits signals with light beams
No risk of sparks, safe for explosive environments
More expensive than coaxial, but more bandwidth
Different colors of light are used to simultaneously send
Multiple signals

20. OPTICAL LINE TRANSMISSION SUB SYSTEM
OPTICAL LINE TERMINATING EQUIPMENT.
LINE SWITCHING EQUIPMENTS
LINE SUPERVISORY EQUIPMENTS
ORDERWIRE EQUIPMENTS.
SUPERVISORY SERVICE DATA
REMOTE SERVICE DATA

21. LIMITATIONS LOWER CAPACITY. ADD AND DROP DIFFICULT.
COMPLEX MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING.
NO UNIVERSAL STANDARD
INTERWORKING BETWEEN HIERARCHIES COMPLEX.

22. DISADVANTAGES OF PDH SYSTEM
PDH IS NOT IDEALLY SUITED TO THE EFFICIENT DELIVERY AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH BANDWIDH CONNECTIONS.
PDH IS NO LONGER EFFICIENT TO MEET THE DEMANDS PLACED ON IT.
TO ACCESS THE LOWER ORDER TRIBUTARY, THE WHOLE SYSTEM SHOULD BE DEMULTIPLEXED.
BANDWIDTH LIMITATIONS – MAX CAPACITY IS 566 MBPS ONLY.
NO COMMON STANDARDS AMONG VENDORS.
TOLERANCE IS ALLOWED IN BIT RATES.
POINT TO POINT CONFIGURATION ( LINEAR WORKING ) ONLY IS POSSIBLE.
IT DOES NOT SUPPORT HUB.
NO PROVISIONING FOR NMS.

23. EVOLUTION OF SDH
FIBER OPTIC BANDWIDTH:Bandwidth of the optical fiber can be increased and there is no limit
TECHNICAL SOPHISTICATION:Using VLSI techniques which is also cost effective
INTELLIGENCE:Availability of cheaper memory opens new possibilities
CUSTOMER SERVICE NEEDS:Requirement of customer services can be easily met w/o much additional equipments

24. EVOLUTION OF SDH TOTALLY SYNCHRONOUS SYSTEM.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD/SYSTEM – MULTIPLEXING STANDARD.
IN 1988, (ITU-T) 18TH STUDY GROUP FORMULATED CERTAIN STANDARDS FOR MULTIPLEXING.
THE MAIN AIM IS TO ACCOMMODATE THE EXISTING PDH SIGNALS ALSO.
ADOPTING THE DIFFERENT VENDORS EQUIPMENTS.
DISADVANTAGES OF PDH LED TO THE INVENTION OF SDH.

25. DIFFERENT SERVICES LOW/HIGH SPEED DATA VOICE INTERCONNECTION OF LAN
COMPUTER LINKS
FEATURE SERVICES LIKE HDTV
BROAD BAND ISDN TRANSPORT

26. EXISTING NETWORK 565 Mbps 8 Mbps 2 Mbps 140 Mbps 34 Mbps 5 TH ORDER
565 mb/s
5 TH ORDER
140 Mbps
4 RTH ORDER
34 Mbps
3RD ORDER
8 Mbps
2 ND ORDER
2 Mbps

27. S D H ? SYNCHRONOUS : DIGITAL: HIERARCHY: WHAT IS
ONE MASTER CLOCK & ALL ELEMENTS SYNCHRONISE WITH IT.
DIGITAL:
INFORMATION IN BINARY.
HIERARCHY:
SET OF BIT RATES IN A HIERARCHIAL ORDER.

28. WHAT IS SDH?
SDH IS A HIERARCHICAL SET OF INFORMATION STRUCTURE (DIGITAL TRANSPORT STRUCTURE) TO CARRY PAY LOAD.
SDH MULTIPLEXING:- A PROCEDURE BY WHICH MULTIPLE LOWER ORDER PATH LAYER SIGNALS ARE ADAPTED INTO HIGHER ORDER PATH OR MULTIPLE HIGHER PATH LAYER SIGNALS ARE ADAPTED INTO MUX SECTION LAYER.
POINTER DEFINES FRAME OFFSET VALUE OF A VIRTUAL CONTAINER.
SDH MAPPING:- THE PROCEDURE BY WHICH THE TRIBUTARY ARE ADAPTED INTO VIRTUAL CONTAINERS AT THE BOUNDARY OF THE SDH NETWORK.

29. ADVANTAGES OF SDH SIMPLIFIED MULTIPLEXING/DEMULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES.
DIRECT ACCESS TO LOWER ORDER TRIBUTARIES.
ACCOMMODATES EXISTING PDH SIGNALS.
CAPABLE OF TRANSPORTING BROADBAND SIGNALS.
MULTI-VENDOR, MULTI OPERATOR ENVIRONMENT.
PROTECTION SWITCHING TO TRAFFIC IS OFFERED BY RINGS.
ENHANCED BANDWIDTH.
NMS FACILITY.
UNLIMITED BANDWIDTH
GROWTH OF THE EXISTING TO THE HIGHER ORDER SYSTEM IS SIMPLE.

31. The Virtual Container (VC)
The Container (C)
Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)
Synchronous to the STM-1
Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure
Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits
Bit by bit stuffing
The Virtual Container (VC)
Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path Overhead)
Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area

32. The Tributary Unit (TU)
Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
Combines several TUs for a new VC
The Administrative Unit (AU)
Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM-1)
Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs
Clock justification through positive-zero-negative stuffing in the AU pointer area
byte by byte stuffing

33. STM1 Frames

34. RSOH Payload MSOH 270 Columns (Bytes) transmit row by row9
270 1 1
RSOH 3 4
Payload
AU Pointer 5
(transport capacity)
MSOH 9
RSOH: Regenerator section overhead
MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 µs

35. FRAME REPRESENTATION PAY LOAD 1ST ROW 2ND ROW 3RD ROW 9TH ROW 9
261 I I I S O H
PAY LOAD I
270 I
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)

36. REDUCED MUX STRUCTURE STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140Mbps TU-3 VC-3 C-3
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
34Mbps
TUG-2
TU-1
VC-1
2Mbps
C-1
(REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH-MULTIPLEXING)

37. Containers: C-3, C-2, C-12 and C-11
Carries signals at
C-11
1.544 Mbit/s
C-12
2.048 Mbit/s
C-2
6.312 Mbit/s
C-3
Mbit/s and Mbit/s
C-4
Mbit/s

38. TERMINOLOGY & DEFINITIONS
SDH:Set of hierarchical structures,standardized for the transport of suitably adapted pay load over physical transmission network
STM:Synchronous transport module
It is the information structure used to support section layer connections in SDH
VIRTUAL CONTAINER :used to support path layer connections in the SDH
LOWER ORDER VC ( VC1,VC2,VC3)
HIGHER ORDER VC (VC3 ,VC4)

39. SDH BIT RATES SDH Levels Bit rates in Kbps STM-1 155520 STM-4 622080

40. SOH BYTE ALLOCATION A1A2 Frame alignment B1B2 Error monitoring D1..D3
Data comm channel for RSOH
D4..D12
Data comm channel for MSOH
E1-E2
Order wire channel F1
Maintenance J0
STM Identifier
K1 K2
Automatic protection switching S1
SYNCHRONISATION STATUS M1
Txmn Error acknowledgement
Media dependent bytes

41. 2 Mbps mapping STM-1 AUG AU-4 VC-4 x3 TUG-3 x7 STM-n
Synchronous Transport Module
Administrative Unit Group: One or more AU(s)
Administrative Unit: VC + pointers
Virtual Container: payload + path overhead
TUG-2 x3
AUG
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
E1: 2.048Mb/s
AU-n
VC-n

42. The following are the different steps in the mapping of 2Mbps stream
Formation of container C12
Formation of virtual container VC12
Formation of tributary unit TU12
Multiplexing of TU12 ‘s to form TUG3
Multiplexing of TUG3‘s to form VC4
Formation of administrative unit AU4
Formation of administrative unit group AUG
Adding SOH to form STM1

43. SDH NETWORK ELEMENTS The different network elements are
SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT
REGENERATOR
NMS

44. NETWORK ELEMENTS SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER
As per ITU-T Rec. synchronous multiplexer performs both multiplexing and live line terminating functions.
synchronous multiplexer replaces a bank of plesiochronous multiplexers and associated line terminating equipment.

45. SYNCHRONOUS MUX TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER(TM) ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(ADM)
Types of synchronous multiplexers
TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER(TM)
ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(ADM)

46. TM
TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER(TM)
TM Accepts a no. Of tributary signals and multiplex them to appropriate optical/electrical aggregate signal viz STM1,STM4,STM16 etc.

47. TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER(TM)

48. ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)
ADM is designed for ‘THRU’ mode of operation.
Within ADM its possible to ADD channels or DROP channels from ‘THROUGH CHANNELS’

49. ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)
At an ADM site ,only those signals that need to be accessed are dropped or inserted
The remaining traffic continues thru the NE without requiring special pass thru units or other signal processing

50. ADM ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM) AGGREGATE SIGNAL AGGREGATE SIGNAL
SDH(E/O)
SDH(E/O)
ADM
(PDH/SDH)
TRIBUTARY SIGNALS

51. ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(ADM)

52. Channels can be 64Kbps up to STM1
CROSS CONNECT EQUIPMENT
Cross connect equipment functions as a semi permanent switch for varying bandwidth control it can pick out one or more lower order channels for transmitting signal without transmission channels
Channels can be 64Kbps up to STM1
Under software program the need of demultiplexing

53. TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY
STRING/BUS/LINEAR Topology
RING Topology
STAR Topology
MESH Topology

54. STRING/BUS/LINEAR TOPOLOGYTM TM
REG
ADM
ADM
ADM
Aggregate signal
(STM1/STM4/STM16)
Tributary signal
(2/34/140Mbps/STM1(e)/ STM1(o))

55. RING TOPOLOGY Ring is a linear network looped back to itself
Network elements are ADM’s or REGENERATORS
Every node on a ring has two communication paths to each other node via the two directions around the ring.

56. RING TOPOLOGY Aggregate signal Tributary signal ADM ADM ADM ADM
(STM1/STM4/STM16)
Aggregate signal
Tributary signal
(2/34/140Mbps/STM1(e)/ STM1(o))

57. RING TOPOLOGY
Ring network is self healing type(allowing rerouting of traffic when a link fails).
The simple topology of a ring facilitates the implementation of protocols that can detect failure of a fiber segment or node and rapidly reestablish communications, typically in timeframes on the order of milliseconds. This is referred to as protection or protection switching

58. RING TOPOLOGY
Rings gives greater flexibility in the allocation of band width to the different users.
Normally used in LAN,WAN, Core Network,Regional Network etc.

59. STAR TOPOLOGY Traffic passes thru a central node called HUB.
The HUB is a DXC.
If HUB fails ,total traffic fails.