[Module 3] Key issues of urban sanitation

Understand key issues of urban sanitation Key elements of urban sanitation Options for urban sanitation and key factors determining specific requirements Options in detail Slum connectivity Collection and discussion of cases from participants

Key elements of urban sanitation Leach Pit Land Application decentralized on-site sanitation User Interface / toilet Emptying Transportation Leaching field decentralized on-site / off-site sanitation Septic Tank Soak Pit Conveyance Sewage Treatment Plant Drying Beds centralized off-site sanitation 3

Key elements of urban sanitation – a schematic view source: MoUD, WSP: Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India – A Guide for Decision Making, September 2008, page 17 4

Options for urban sanitation and key factors determining specific requirements Settlement density and space source of water existing structures Size Location < 1 lakh population 1-10 lakh population million plus mega cities soil groundwater topography System on-site / off-site decentralized / centralized Key questions: Can wastewater be disposed on site? When and where is sewerage required and viable? Which arrangements are required for the management of wastewater and fecal sludge? How does the demand for reuse influence the choice of technology? 5

Housing and population density Source of water Key factor settlement Housing and population density Source of water amount of wastewater is function of density protection of water from wells or tubewells availibilty of space is function of density 6

Recommended treatment technologies Key factor size and treatment options Town category Conditions Recommended treatment technologies Unsewered Class-III, IV and V towns and rural communities Remote land available with suitable site and soil condition Land application of septage Adequate land available but close to neighbours Land application after stabilization Inadequate land area with suitable site and soil condition, WWTP available within 30km and adequate capacity Disposal at WWTP Partially sewered medium size (Class-II) towns Adequate land available but close to settlements Inadequate land, WWTP capacity available Inadequate land, no WWTP capacity available Disposal at independent treatment facility or CSTF Class-I and Metro-cities Available WWTP capacity Disposal No available WWTP capacity Independent septage treatment facility or CSTF source: Centre for Science and Development: Policy Paper on Septage Management in India, May 2011, page 22, adapted 7

High groundwater level Topography – high altitudes, steep terrain Key factor location Soil type High groundwater level Topography – high altitudes, steep terrain base of leach pits with enough distance from groundwater rocky ground increases costs for underground facilities operation of soakaways reduces scope for infiltration of wastewater space limitations sewers to be laid below water table to ensure self-cleansing flushing water in latrines may freeze rocky ground increases costs possible intrusion of groundwater into sewer frozen, impermeable ground during winter limits soaking capacities high pumping requirements / costs sewer can be gravity driven 8

on-site off-site Key factor system requires sewer system low density housing high density housing low water consumption reliable water supply availability of services to remove and transport sludges and septage sufficient fall to avoid pumping in sewers ground conditions allow absorption of wastewater and avoid contamination of groundwater high maintenance costs in areas with insufficient MSWM 9

Options in detail Treatment & disposal Septage Management Leach Pit Land Application decentralized on-site sanitation User Interface / toilet Emptying Transportation Leaching field decentralized treatment system Septic Tank Soak Pit Treatment & disposal Septage Management Access to toilets Conveyance Sewage Treatment Plant Drying Beds centralized system 10

Access to toilets Actions identified in CSPs Types of toilets Where to locate? What to consider? Common weaknesses and threats Actions identified in CSPs Types of toilets Best practice example 11

Access to toilets – where to locate, what to consider? Consider special needs of women, children and disabled Household All market areas and public places to have toilet and urinal facilities School and pre-school Group of HH Proper excreta disposal facility Location Institutional Community O & M Public Provision for maintaining aesthetic look User charges 12

Common weaknesses and threats Access to toilets Coverage Construction availability of land gaps in coverage of wards lack in commercial areas gender issues barriers no water supply discharge to open drains / water bodies Common weaknesses and threats Behaviour O & M hygienic unawareness habit of open defecation and urination widespread willingness to pay for service limited opening times cleaning maintenance monitoring Regulation unclear responsibilities no dedicated units family card system not realistic complicated prosecution of violations

Actions identified by CSPs Access to toilets Communities Technology, planning and construction awareness campaigns behaviour change community involvement in O&M community involvement in financing Actions identified by CSPs gender sensitivity water supply floating population mobile facilities Regulations target standards for seats / inhabitants target standards for access within distance guidance documents Notes: 24/7 access map of existing public toilets map of toilets in public buildings SOPs inspection and monitoring protocol BOT approaches O & M

The elements of sanitation – types of toilets User interface (User, behavior & Toilets) Operates without water Placed over a pit Can be built anywhere with locally available material. Separates the solid (feces) from the liquid (urine) Separation reduces the smell Water seal thus reducing the odor Flushed by stored water Regular water supply is a must Modern version of pour flush toilet Dry toilet Urine diverting dry toilet Pour flush toilet Cistern-flush toilet to on-site dry system to on- or off-site water reliant system

On-site–dry system Feces & urine Wastewater type On-site system 16 Wastewater type On-site system On-site treatment Disposal / Off-site use Simple pit latrine Composting Relocation of latrine after the pit is full or agricultural use of composted material Feces & urine Ventilated improved pit latrine, VIP Composting latrine

On-site water reliant systems Wastewater type On-site system On-site treatment Disposal / Off-site use Leach pit Composting & degradation of wastewater constituents Agricultural use of composted material & water leakage into groundwater Black water Individual septic tank Anaerobic degradation Sludge disposal at environmentally acceptable areas Agricultural use of effluent Overhung latrine Effluent discharge into water body

Situation Set-up Process Good Examples: Tiruchirapalli MC, Tamil Nadu Situation Set-up Process Lead agency: local NGO frequent outbreaks of water borne diseases WaterAid Needs assessment in communities to identify interventions required renovation of toilets community toilets were available (under MC) but not well managed and maintained, no water supply and no disposal, frequent open defecation community based system for O&M Holistic development approach combined provision of toilets with empowerment of communities to improve theri health, environment and living standards involvement of women‘s groups: established Women‘snSelf Help Group formed Sanitation and Hygiene Education Teams who implemented and monitored the whole programme at community level open drains with wastewater, feces and HH waste crossing quarter effective partnership between MC, communities and NGOs to manage and maitain toilets before the project the town was one of India‘s least hygienic cities Activities renovation and construction of toilets (community and private) with financial support from Water Aid land provided by MC including water and electricity supply identification and capacitation of work force for daily O&M establishinh sustainable business plan for O&M Référence: sustainable financial management: pay & use system profits used for awareness generation and necessary works rotating responsibilty within SHGs later men‘s and children‘s grouops were established to partticipate in sanitation activities 211 approved and 75 unapproved slums with approx. 23% of the city‘s population source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf

Sustainability Lessons learnt Good Examples: Tiruchirapalli MC, Tamil Nadu Sustainability Lessons learnt health, hygiene and nutrition The town is now ranked as 6th in sanitation ranking of Indian cities Key success factors: supportive MC understanding and sensitive to the issues and supportive to community action community involvement and support involvement of women inclusive community management ownership socio cultural and institutional aspects Principal challenge was to generate interest in the communities including willingness to pay for toilet utilization financial and economic issues Local poliiticans interfered with the project agitating against user fees environment and natural resources Référence: NGO had to ensure continuous community work including HH visits Land tenure and water and electrcity supply provided by supportive MC technology and operation gender mainstreaming and empowerment of women source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf

Common weaknesses and threats Actions identified in CSPs Septage management Definition of septage Common weaknesses and threats Actions identified in CSPs Management Best practice example 20

What is septage? Some characteristics Septage – Definition and characteristics What is septage? “Septage” is septic tank sludge that is a combination of raw primary sludge and anearobically produced raw sludge. Some characteristics Septage has offensive odour, contains significant levels of grease, grit, hair, debris and pathogenic micro organisms. References: Can characteristics vary? The physical and chemical characteristics vary on size and design of the storage facility, pumping frequency and climatic conditions.

Components of Septage: Septage – components Components of Septage: Scum floats on the top and is generally where the bacteria live that treat the waste Effluent the semi-treated liquid that comprises the majority of the material in the septic tank Sludge solids which collect at the bottom of the tank References:

Common weaknesses and threats Septage management Construction Natural conditions unscientific construction discharge to open water bodies / drains lack of land for treatment and disposal facilities high groundwater table Common weaknesses and threats Regulation Notes: O & M overlapping functions and roles lack or weak enforcement of regulations and bye-laws low knowledge on spatial distribution weak maintenance lack of cleansing manual desludging lack of mechanization and equipment no treatment / uncontrolled disposal no monitoring and control

Actions identified by CSPs Septage management Communities / households Planning, construction, system upgrade awareness campaigns behaviour change community involvement O&M and private / community level rehabilitation of existing tanks upgradation of existing tanks avoid or treat sewage outflow into drains integrate tanks into off-site treatment system Actions identified by CSPs Regulations establish building codes for septic tanks establish bye-laws for on-site sanitation, and septage management establish on-site sanitation monitoring framework Notes: O & M clear demarcation between on-site and off-site systems mapping of all septic tanks sustainable operator model SOPs

Septage management What is septage management? It is the process of managing of septic tanks including desludging, transporting, treating, and disposal of its contents. 1 1 Emptying of septic tanks 2 Transportation to the treatment facility in a specially designed vehicles 3 Emptying of septage at treatment facility 4 Scientific treatment 5 Dry compost – at drying beds (as a part of treatment facility 6 Compost application and use of treated water for agriculture purpose 7 Agriculture produce for human consumption 2 7 3 4 6 5

Septage management – practices

Regulatory provisions Septage management – elements and regulatory provisions Elements Regulatory provisions Designing and construction of a septic tank Regulation & provision for overseeing design, installation, use and inspection Mechanism for self reporting & record keeping Emptying of septic tanks Regulation & provision for periodic emptying/ desluding at 3-5 years frequency Mechanism for self reporting and record keeping Transportation to treatment facility in specially designed vehicle Regulation & provision for safe transport of septage to the treatment site Emptying at scientific treatment facility including drying beds Regulation & provision for treatment facility and scientific treatment methods Dry compost and treated water Provision, support & incentives to make use of dry compost & treated water for agriculture Provision for quality testing of treated water & compost

Management of a Septic Tanks

Management of effluent OR Correct Practice Wrong Practices

 Conventional Septic tank Improved Septic tank

Septage Treatment Options Conventional septic tank Liquid effluent disposal / reuse Pre-treatment of septage Land application Treatment at CETP Treatment at independend facilities Improved septic tank / Anaerobic baffled reactor Non- conventional Management of septage

Situation Set-up Framework Good Examples: Septage treatment facilities in Surabaya, Indonesia Situation Set-up Framework only 11 cities have WWTP STP opertaed by local agency City government framework: nuisance permits tipping fees water quality management water pollution control Government established 150 septage treatment plants in the country sludge collection and transportation provided by private hauler truck service one such plant was established in Surabaya (3 mil. inhabitants) Sanitation agency collects monthly tipping fees based on septage volume Service providers have licenses for collection, transport and disposal Référence: 87% of the houses have access to improved sanitation facilities source: Centre for Science and Development: Policy Paper on Septage Management in India, May 2011, page 26

modified activated sludge process capacity: 400m³/day modified activated sludge process drying beds manure source: Centre for Science and Development: Policy Paper on Septage Management in India, May 2011, page 26

Centralized systems Actions identified in CSPs Process Common weaknesses and threats Actions identified in CSPs Process Summary centralized – de-centralized systems 34

Common weaknesses and threats Centralized systems Natural conditions topography bedrock high groundwater table Construction sewer connection only for black water no connection of open drains missing links in network inadequate pumping capacities inadequate treatment technology inadequate capacity of the system Regulation Common weaknesses and threats high connection charges high service costs overlapping functions and roles lack or weak enforcement of regulations and bye-laws Notes: Coverage O & M low coverage low connection low availability of land for facilities and disposal narrow streets leakages in network choking no monitoring of functionality no regular O&M underutilization of the system no reuse of treated water

Actions identified by CSPs Centralized systems Planning, construction, system upgrade Actions identified by CSPs training for plumber certification STP to receive and treat septage Regulations waste water quality monitoring protocol Notes: O & M clear demarcation between on-site and off-site systems mapping of sewerage and connections address choking complaints bulk metering at trunk lines and STP inlet O&M contracts ROT (rehabilitate, operate, transfer) approach SOPs

Conveyance system = sewer Waste stabilization ponds Elements and options or centralized treatment systems Sources of waste water Conveyance system = sewer Central treatment Disposal Conventional sewer Simplified sewer Solid free sewer Constructed wetlands Waste stabilization ponds High investment Specialized knowledge Maintenance Less stringent design standards Cheaper Laid under sidewalks/in front of backyards Connected to the outflow of a septic tank or interceptor tanks Laid at shallow depth Follow the topography Suitable for pre-settled wastewater Require specialized knowledge High investment For high strength & centralized treatment facilities Require large area Anaerobic ponds, facultative and aerobic ponds

De-centralized systems Features of de-centralized systems Process O & M Summary centralized – de-centralized systems Best practice example 38

De-centralised Waste Water Treatment Systems - DEWATS DEWATS allows treatment of organic waste water from domestic and industrial sources DEWATS is featured through modular design of all components Hence it is flexible and allows efficient treatment for organic wastewater flows from 1-1,000 m3 per day DEWATS systems are tolerant towards inflow fluctuation Design and construction are long lasting and reliable DEWTAS do not require sophisticated or costly maintenance DEWATS can complement conventional treatment systems for more sustainable and effective service

DEWATS :Horizontal flow System DEWATS :Vertical flow System

O&M of DEWATS System The most critical items in which operator intervention is necessary are: Adjustment of water levels Maintenance of flow uniformity (inlet and outlet structures) Management of vegetation Odor control Maintenance of berms (walls)

Summary: centralized VS decentralized treatment Size of the city Suitable for large cities Suitable for any locality Capital costs Large capital cost O&M costs High O & M cost Low O & M cost O&M requirements Highly technical O & M requirements Not very technical O & M requirements Managerial capacity Difficult to manage Easy to manage Electricity supply Required high electricity Very low or no electricity required Modular system No modular implementation possible Modular implementation possible Size of population Smaller population not possible and not cost effective Units as required may be constructed depending on city and population growth

Options for collection and drainage of wastewater – decision tree back to discussion of centralized systems back to discussion of de-centralized systems source: MoUD, WSP: Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India – A Guide for Decision Making, September 2008, page 48 43

Situation Set-up Process Good Examples: Decentralized wastewater treatment, Agra Situation Set-up Process central, high density, low income quarter Lead agency: Centre for Urban and Rural Excellence (CURE) Project implementation: Pre construction Construction Post construction – O&M through community Agra MC, USAID and Cities Alliance approx. 450 HH, 2350 inhab., 85% open defecation Installation of fully functional 5 chamber DEWAT system Pre construction: planning, system design site visits community consultation identification of land approvals contracting of local work force open drains with wastewater, feces and HH waste crossing quarter no waste collection or disposal system Référence: Community involvement decision making implementation and monitoring monetary support for toilet construction sanitation committees – including SW collection empowering youth and women for income generation adjacent to quarter large open drain with waste water from upstream settlements source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf

Sustainability Lessons learnt Good Examples: Decentralized wastewater treatment, Agra Sustainability Lessons learnt health, hygiene and nutrition Main challenge was to get te approval for construction of the DEWAT facility Infrastructure development has to be combined with community development and engagDay-to-day involvement of the community is importasnt for long-term sustainability socio cultural and institutional aspects O&M could be settled through intense community involvement Holistic approach including sanitation, environment ans livelihood ensured general upgrading of quality of life financial and economic issues DEWAT requires continuous flow of water, daily supervision and cleansing is executed by the local community environment and natural resources Involvment of the community from the very begiining creates ownership and supports later O&M and proper functioning Référence: technology and operation Awareness raising regarding sanitation is a must for reduction of open defecation source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf

Treatment & disposal Septage treatment Reuse of residuals Treatment process in centralized systems Treatment process in decentralized systems Septage treatment Reuse of residuals 46

Pre-treatment : removes the heavy solids to prevent blockages in the following treatments processes aeriation to allow removal of scum Process Flow Diagram for a typical large-scale two step treatment plant 47 Primary treatment : removes organic and inorganic solids by the physical process of sedimentation and floatation. Pre- and primary treatment are summarized as physical treatment. Secondary treatment : removes the dissolved and colloidal organic substances from waste water through microorganisms. Secondary treatment is known as biological treatment.

What is meant? Possible utilization Technology What is meant by tertiary treatment? What is meant? “Tertiary treatment” is used to improve the quality of treated wastewater so that it can be further utilized (re-use) Possible utilization cleansing water for the treatment plant, re-use in industrial cleaning processes gardening flushing of toilets cooling water Technology Mechanical sand filter disk filter active coal filter micro filter Chemical precipitation flocculation UV-desinfection, ozonation, Hypochloridation

DEWATS – treatment process scheme taken from DEWATS Guidebook, p.35 / 36

Septage treatment and disposal To stabilze septage: decreasing odours, reducing levels of pathogens and further decay Septage treatment and disposal raising pH aeration to biologically reduce organic compounds and odour reduction of organic compounds, production of methane, requires sludge for co-treatment mix with bulking agent, aerte and turn process heat destroys pathogens possibility of odours surface application sub-surface application burial source: Centre for Science and Development: Policy Paper on Septage Management in India, May 2011, page 18

Organic waste can be used as fertilizer or soil conditioners Reuse of residuals 51 Agricultural reuse Organic waste can be used as fertilizer or soil conditioners Treated wastewater can be used for irrigation with appropriate precautions Reuse in aquaculture In the production of micro algae, aquatic macrophytes and fish that are used as animal feed or as compost fertilizer For fish culture Biogas production(anaerobic sludge digestion) Fuel for cooking heating and lighting Fuel for boilers and combustion engines 51

Common weaknesses and threats Options for improvement Slum connectivity Common weaknesses and threats Options for improvement Best practice example 52

Common weaknesses and threats Connectivity of slums Coverage availability of land difficult physical conditions Community Common weaknesses and threats Construction hygienic unawareness habit of open defecation and urination low capacities to contribute widespread willingness to pay for service Notes: waste water disposal through open drains septic tanks discharge in open drains stagnation of water in drains Decision making low political will to invest

Possible options Delink Land tenure issues with provision of sanitation facilities Provide situation specific facilities such as group toilet, community toilet and public toilet where individual toilets are not possible Encourage and empower local political leadership to participate and advocate Build community capacities to use and maintain the facilities Build community capacities on importance of contributing user fee in O & M Community engagements and participation Financing options: Grant, subsidies, microcredit , credit linkage

Situation Set-up Process Good Examples: Ahmedabad Slum Networking Programme, Ahmedabad MC Situation Set-up Process 5 lakh slum dwellers without toilet facilities or water supply Lead agency: AMC Process of work: simple application by HH site inspection availability of space without obstruction of roads sanction construction through applicant NGOs: mobilization of communities, encourage their partnership 1089 slum pockets 1383 chawls AMC provides funds to private HH for toilet construction open defecation and urination as major problem MC: 80% later 90% of costs HH: 20% in cash or kind HH income less Rs 10,000/year AMC zonal slum improvement cells provide technical support Référence: continuous community involvement participating HHs ensured not to be evicted for at least 10 years (written contract) triggered broad improvement of living conditions: formation of residents‘ associations women and youth groups health and day care centres informal education AMC sought wider support in civil society to generate additional funding source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf

Sustainability Lessons learnt Good Examples: Ahmedabad Slum Networking Programme, Ahmedabad MC Sustainability Lessons learnt health, hygiene and nutrition involvement of community, formal partnership and creatoin of slum level associations created ownership and promoted and ensured maintenence Infrastructure development has to be combined with community development and engagement to achieve and ensure substantial improvement of living conditions socio cultural and institutional aspects Private sector was ready to provide significant financing financial and economic issues Market value of houses in the slums increased through the project Investment in basic services and provision of land tenure triggers shelter upgrading through the dwellers environment and natural resources Référence: Proper mobilization motivates dwellers to contribute and take ownership technology and operation Individual facilities improved status of HHs and motivated them to take care for the facilities source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf

Activity: Collection of case studies and best practices from participants Analyse and discuss cases / best practices contributed by participants. The cases shall deal either with best practices in urban sanitation in the home towns of the participants or with problems in urban sanitation encountered by the participants during their work. The cases shall be related to one of the steps of the key elements of urban sanitation. Identify and select the case bringers Select a facilitator and time-keeper for each working group The case bringer describes the case briefly the facilitator documents the core issues of the case; please ensure common understanding of the case. 57

Activity: Collection of case studies and best practices from participants Discussion of the case along the following headlines: Brief description Activities undertaken Obstacles encountered / key reasons of the problem Key factors for success / options to tackle the problem Key factors for success shall consider the following factors: Vision, strategy for implementation Institutional structure, cooperation, support from key actors Management Capacity development Availability and provision of resources (staff, financing, land, infrastructure) Specific drivers Presentation Conclusions and recommendations will be discussed in plenary

Thank you very much Indo-German Environment Programme (IGEP) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH  Sustainable Urban Habitat B-5/2, First Floor, Safdurjung Encalve, New Delhi-110029, Tel: +91-11-49495300/01/02