Observation Data Requirements for Freight Railway Transportation 3rd National Surface Transportation Weather Symposium Tysons Corner, VA July 26, 2007

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 2 of Outline Type of climatic hazards that influence railways Cost and influence of natural hazards Example of a technical initiatives to reduce hazard Needs for data and criteria

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 3 of 1.High temperatures - Sun (rail) buckles or kinks - Forest and grass fires burning ties 2. Low temperatures - Icing of switches - Broken rail - Frost heaves - Frost jacking of rock slope 3. High antecedent precipitation conditions contribute - Increased frequency of earth slides - Debris flows - Flooding - Scour erosion to bridges and embankments - Culverts failure 4. High wind - toppled empty double stake rail cars 5.Results - 9 Fatalities and ~100 injuries in last 38 years on CP Ways weather affects railways

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 4 of Rail buckles (kinks) due to high temperature and radiant heating

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 5 of CPR tracks MB, Canada - North ND, USA - South Photo from Manitoba Conservation 2. Severe weather and the impact of natural hazards on railways Emerson Sub, Mile 63.8 April 30, 1997

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 6 of Cranbrook, Fording, and Bryron Creek Subs June 5, 1995 Sparwood and Fernie, SW BC Bryon Creek Sub, Mile Andygood Creek Bryon Creek Sub, Mile 7.7 Michel Creek Fording Sub, Mile 17.50

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 7 of Kamloops, BC THOM March 12, hr service interruption

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 8 of 1. Cost of various types natural hazards - Natural hazards cost CP (the smallest NA Class 1) an about $12 million in In 2007 (El Nino winter) 58% Planned & 42% Unplanned (emergency response) - Not including lost revenue

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 9 of ……Ground Hazard Risk to CNR Railway Ground Hazard Research Program: ……Ground Hazard Risk to CNR Revenue costs are exponential after 48 hoursRevenue costs are exponential after 48 hours GH’s outages are double any other causes averaging 1.1 daysGH’s outages are double any other causes averaging 1.1 days

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 10 of Technical initiatives Weather information system RailWIS Wind – initiating track side anemometer program to deal with severe wind derailments Development of earth slide and debris flow warning criteria

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 11 of SWAL Status Display area [ Symbol color indicates station SWAL status (see legend). Click on any symbol to select station and display data in “Station Data Display Area”. ] Map Panning Controls [ Click to pan map in any of the four directions for zoom levels beyond 100%. ] Map Surrounds flashes red when the SWAL level reaches alarm status for any station. Active Weather Warning List Area & Access Link. [ Click on any message to view details on given warning. Viewed warnings change color. Click and hold scroll controls to view long lists of messages. See “Display Options Menu” to also hide viewed warnings within list area. Note: Warnings are only updated when the Main Data Page is “Refreshed” (see Display Options Menu”. ] Display Options Menu Access Link [ Click on text to activate display options menu controlling: map layers, station filtering by SWAL status, station color assignment, display units, page refresh mode and, display of viewed warnings. Please refer to user guide for details. ] Station Database Selection Area [ Click on any one radial button to activate and display data of given database. Color of text and outline indicates highest SWAL status for each database. The outlines will disappear as the flashing alarm display is reset. Note: RED color indicates at or above critical conditions, YELLOW indicates approaching critical conditions and Black, within operational limits. ] Name of Active Station Database [ Caution: The presence of “FILTERED” in the database name indicates that the displayed SWAL status (color of the map symbols) IS POTENTIALLY NOT the highest SWAL status for any given station. Please see the setting of the “Associate station color with…” option on the “Display Options Menu” ] Map Zoom Factor Control [ Click and select zoom level. ] Station Data Display Area [ Click and hold scroll controls to view data for the selected station. Each data item is color-coded according its SWAL status. ] SWAL Flashing Surround Resets [ Click on “Current” or “Master” to stop the flashing (Indicates SWAL alarm) of the map surround for the active or, all databases. This action also deletes any colored database outline. ] Map Coverage & Panning Area [ For Zoom factors greater than 100%, a blue overlay shows the coverage and location of the main map. To relocate the main map, click and drag the blue overlay within the overview window. ] Report Generator Functions [ Alternatively click on map station symbols and the “Add Station” text to create a text report that can be “View”ed, “Print”ed and “Clear”ed ] Map Symbol Legend Access Link [ Click on text to view legend of map symbols and color coding assignment ] RailWIS – Rail Weather information system

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 12 of 5. Weather hazard information system Weather Services (NWS & EC) Network management centre & Track maintenance Weather information supplier Calculate indices Compare to 10, 50 and 100 year return period indices SWAL process Railway Does not exceed Exceeds GIS display Real time weather station data Weather radar data Data sourceProcessing/presentation Notification

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 13 of Wind derailments Train accident reduction strategies CP has experienced 4 derailments of empty double stack containers in the past 5 years at an average cost of $2 million/derailment. Current initiative to develop wind monitoring sites and communicate information to train operators

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 14 of Four derailments Carberry Nov 1, 1999 Maple Creek 13.8 Dec 5, 2003 Maple Creek 13.8 Jan 22, 2005 Adirondack Sub 41.9 Feb 17, 2006 Risk derailment is increasing at 7% annually Nature of the hazard

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 15 of Carrberry Sub (Antelope) derailment, Nov 1, 1999 Reported wind, degrees Train, degrees Nov 1, 1999 Wind derailment

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 16 of Carberry Sub, Mile Nov 1, 1999

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 17 of Wind hazard notification systems - potential schemes Options 1. Track side anemometer – NMC (Network Management Centre (= NASA Mission Control)) – Train crew 2. Track side anemometer – Train crew 3. Train mounted wind load pressure cell – Train crew

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 18 of Anemometer measures wind speed and direction Anemometer sends message to NMC if thresholds are exceeded NMC analyses wind direction and speed and determines location of wind sensitive trains in area NMC directs wind sensitive trains to slow and stop in the nearest leeward siding Track side anemometers – NMC - train NMC Anemometer Trains

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 19 of Wind sensitive load cell on the both sides of the locomotive Red light or gauge in cab indicates when differential pressure is approaching blow over threshold Train crew responds by slowing train and stopping in next leeward siding Train mounted wind-load pressure cell

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 20 of Financial – Cost estimates Track side anemometer to NMC to Train $0.5 8 to 12 months Train mounted pressure cells $1.6M ($4,000/locomotive * 400 locomotives) 12 to 48 months

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 21 of Shuswap Sub, Mile 22.5 June 13, mile West of Revelstoke, BC

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 22 of CPR geotechnical weather studies Shuswap Sub, Mile 22.5 June 13, 1990

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 23 of Conclusions Always want more data Need weather service information providers to package information Need criteria specifically tailored to railway infrastructure vulnerability to reduce false alarms

2007/07/26 3 rd NSTWS - Canadian Pacific Page 24 of Thank you? Chris Bunce Manager – Geotechnical Engineering Canadian Pacific Have a safe journey home. It is the likely the most dangerous thing you’ll do to day.