K Ř E M Í K Si K Ř E M Í K Si Si – Si – křemičitany, hlinitokřemičitany – struktura – struktura diamant, kubická SiH 4  Si + 2 H 2 SiO 2 + 2 Mg  Si.

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K Ř E M Í K Si K Ř E M Í K Si Si – Si – křemičitany, hlinitokřemičitany – struktura – struktura diamant, kubická SiH 4  Si + 2 H 2 SiO Mg  Si + 2 MgO SiO Al  3 Si + 2 Al 2 O 3 SiO C  Si + 2 CO SiO 2 + CaC 2  Si + Ca + 2 CO SiO C + 2 Cl 2  SiCl CO 1150 SiCl 4  Si + Cl SiCl H 2  Si + 4 HCl

KŘEMÍK – vlastnosti Si – málo reaktivní, Si – málo reaktivní, HF Si + HF  SiF H 2 SiF HF  H 2 [SiF 6 ]. NaOH Si + 2 NaOH + H 2 O  Na 2 SiO H 2 – horké roztoky (100 °C) Redukční účinky jako C Si 3 Mn 3 O Si  5 Mn + 4 MnSiO 3

Sloučeniny křemíku SiH 4 Mg 2 Si + 4 HCl  SiH MgCl 2 Si 2 H 6 2 Mg 2 Si + 8 HCl  Si 2 H MgCl 2 + H 2 SiH 4 SiCl NaH  SiH NaCl Si 3 H 8 Si 3 H 8 + H 2 O  3 SiO 2 · x H 2 O + 10 H 2 Silany Silicidy Na 2 Si Na 2 Si + 3 H 2 O  Na 2 SiO H 2

Sloučeniny křemíku Siloxany R R R    SiSiSi R — Si — O — Si — O — Si — R    R R R hydrolýza hydrolýza R 2 SiCl 2 ; ukončení R 3 SiCl — R 3 SiCl  R 3 Si – O — (pouze dimer) větvení RSiCl 3  větvení  O  Si— R — Si — O —  O

Sloučeniny křemíku Halogenidy– SiF 2 SiX 4 SiX 4 –SiF HF  H 2 [SiF 6 ] 2 CaF H 2 SO 4 + SiO 2  2 CaSO 4 + SiF H 2 O. SiCl 4, SiBr 4, SiI 4 SiF 4

Oxidy křemíku Si + O.... S iO2  -křemen  -tridymit  -cristobalit l °C  -křemen   -tridymit   -cristobalit l  573  140  250  -křemen  -tridymit  -cristobalit Křemen-  – nejstálejší Tridymit-  Cristobalit-  – struktura diamantu

Křemen SiO 2 spirály Křemen, tridymit – vytvářejí spirály

 -křemen SiO 2

 -cristobalit SiO 2

Sloučeniny křemíku a kyslíku SiO 2 · H 2 O SiCl H 2 O  H 4 SiO HCl OH OH OHOH    +  – O – HO – Si – OH + OH – Si – OH  HO – Si – O – Si – OH     OH OH OH OH H 6 Si 6 O 15 silikagel silikagel – 700 °Cdehydratace

2 KOH + SiO 2  K 2 SiO 3 + H 2 O CaO + SiO 2  CaSiO 3 Křemičitany – přehled (1) Si 3 O 9 6 – Si 2 O 7 6 – SiO 4 4 –

Si 4 O 10 4 – nebo SiO 2½ (SiO 3 ) n 2n – – Křemičitany – přehled (2)

Křemičitany v přírodě zirkon ZrSiO 4 zirkon forsterit Mg 2 SiO 4 forsterit thortveiti Sc 2 Si 2 O 7 thortveitit Ca 3 Si 3 O 9 Al 2 Be 3 Si 6 O 18 azbest, amfiboly vrstevnaté struktury Al(OH) 3 ;Mg(OH) 2 ; kaolinit, mastek, jíly zeolity

Křemičitany SiO 4 Křemičitany – SiO 4 Forsterit Forsterit – – Mg 2 SiO 4

Křemičitany SiO 4 Křemičitany – SiO 4 Granát – Mg 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3

Křemičitany Si 2 O 7 Křemičitany – Si 2 O 7 Thortveitit Thortveitit – – Sc 2 Si 2 O 7

Křemičitany (SiO 3 ) n Křemičitany – (SiO 3 ) n Beryl Beryl – – Be 3 Al 2 Si 6 O 18

Křemičitany (SiO 3 )  Křemičitany – (SiO 3 )  Diopsid Diopsid – – CaMgSiO 3

Křemičitany (SiO 3 )  Křemičitany – (SiO 3 ) 

Silikáty (Si 4 O 10 )  Silikáty – (Si 4 O 10 )  Pyrofyllit – Pyrofyllit – Al 2 (OH) 2 (Si 4 O 10 ) Kaolinit – Kaolinit – Al 4 (OH) 8 (Si 4 O 10 )

Zeolity

Germanium Cín Olovo Germanium, Cín a Olovo Ge Ge – podobnost k Si šedý Sn bílý Sn šedý Sn (struktura diamant)  bílý Sn (kov) 286,5 K H + H + Ge – nereaguje; Sn, Pb reagují neochotně. 3 Sn + 4 HNO H 2 O   3 SnO 2 · H 2 O + 4 NO + 2 H 2 O 3 Pb + 8 HNO 3  3 Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + NO + 4 H 2 O Ge (1,5 · 10 –6 ) ; Sn (2,1 · 10 –6 ) ; Pb (1,1 · 10 –5 )

Oxidy Ge, Sn, Pb GeO + 2 NaOH  Na 2 GeO 3 + H 2 Sn(OH) 2 + NaOH  Na[Sn(OH) 3 ] Pb(OH) NaOH  Na 2 [Pb(OH) 4 ] SnO 2 PbO 2 SnO 2 – stálejší ; PbO 2 – oxidační vlastnosti 5 PbO Mn H +  2 MnO 4 – + 5 Pb H 2 O Pb 3 O 4 Pb 3 O 4 = 2 PbO · PbO 2 – suřík, minium GeO GeO,,,, SnO SnO,PbO GeO 2 GeO 2,,,, SnO 2 SnO 2, PbO 2

Soli Sn Pb Soli Sn a Pb Sn Sn Fe 3+  Sn Fe 2+ SnCl HgCl 2  SnCl 4 + Hg 2 Cl 2 Hg 2 Cl 2 + SnCl 2  2 Hg + SnCl 4. PbCl 2, Pb(NO 3 ) 2, PbCrO 4, Pb 3 O 4 Pb Pb + 4 Na + 4 C 2 H 5 Cl  Pb(C 2 H 5 ) NaCl anoda anoda PbO 2 + H 2 SO H e –  PbSO H 2 O katoda katoda Pb + SO 4 2–  PbSO e – Akumulátory Sn Sn – sulfidy, thiosoli, organocíničité sloučeniny, klastry  vybíjení  nabíjení 