BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE.

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BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO 50 years of research at BIRA-IASB Conclusions & Perspectives Martine De Mazière BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (IASB) Belgisch Instituut voor Ruimte-Aeronomie (BIRA)

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO The Institute has grown remarkably over the last 50 years in size (personnel) in budget in diversity of topics M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Why and how ?

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO scientific freedom capacityflexibililityadaptationdynamismtechnologycontinuityqualitypartnership M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Key elements of BIRA’s growth

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO scientific freedom capacityflexibililityadaptationdynamismtechnologycontinuityqualitypartnership M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Key elements of BIRA’s growth

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO scientific freedom capacityflexibililityadaptationdynamismtechnologycontinuityqualitypartnership M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Key elements of BIRA’s growth

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO Growth of BIRA has been achieved solely through external project funding, requiring – A very dynamic staff – Adaptation to national and international research programmes – Flexibility in management – Keeping a high level of competitivity In 2013, the ratio of dotation to external funding is 1/7; Only 30% of the personnel is statutory;  A fragile situation making us very (too much ?!) dependent on programmed research It has required also adaptation as to local working conditions Brussels, 25 November 2014 Dynamism

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Adaptation as to local working conditions

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO BIRA in the early years M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 BIRA in 2014

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO scientific freedom capacityflexibililityadaptationdynamismtechnologycontinuityqualitypartnership M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Key elements of BIRA’s growth

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO scientific freedom capacityflexibililityadaptationdynamismtechnologycontinuityqualitypartnership M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Key elements of BIRA’s growth

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO Capacity Importance of developing capacity, by – diversifying applied science domains – hiring adequately trained people  go international – contributing to education in space sciences and environmental sciences in Belgium – building structural and ad-hoc national and international partnerships Especially important for space missions: partnership with industries and space agencies Especially for tackling topics like climate change that have a wide scope and socio-economic impact M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO Capacity Importance of maintaining capacity – Need for funding continuity at a certain base level  E.g. space missions, typically lasting more than 10 years  To fill gaps between missions  To prepare new missions  … – Need for long-term monitoring capacity  Cf. our mission to study global changes  Cf. need to support environmental policies with objective scientific information M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Maximum ? Trend ??

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO scientific freedom capacityflexibililityadaptationdynamismtechnologycontinuityqualitypartnership M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Key elements of BIRA’s growth

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO Scientific freedom Importance of fundamental and applied research Importance of exploratory, pioneering research E.g., planets, comets, E.g., new observation techniques E.g., laboratory experiments Not all research necessarily within a well-defined programme; not all necessarily with direct societal relevance; it must be accepted that pioneering research carries a risk and that the outcome is not predictable M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO scientific freedom capacityflexibililityadaptationdynamismtechnologycontinuityqualitypartnership M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Key elements of BIRA’s growth

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO Quality and excellence Quality of research should be maintained to enable reliable scientific information and services to the society. This requires M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 data analyses informat ion service (b) continuous revision of data and analysis to keep up with current quality standards Re- processing harmoni sation homogeni sation (a) quality at all levels of the research chain

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO scientific freedom capacityflexibililityadaptationdynamismtechnologycontinuityqualitypartnership M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Key elements of BIRA’s growth

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO Technology Progress in technology and aeronomy science go hand in hand M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 From large satellites Expensive; performznt but complex; long preparation time; large risk To mini, micro, nano, pico satellites Cheaper; simpler; faster; smallerisk – air-borne and mobile instruments – Space instruments – IT

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO Is aeronomy a science without future ? There are still many scientific challenges ahead of us ! Just a few examples: M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO Some scientific challenges M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Move from the global level to the regional and local level at the global scale NO 2 concentrations above

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO Some scientific challenges Better understand the interactions and feedbacks between various Earth system components E.g., feedbacks between climate change and biosphere changes E.g., ozone recovery in a changing climate ? E.g., geo-engineering M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014

M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone depletion, 2010 Model uncertainties are largest contribution to total uncertainty, esp. In 1st half of century! Several processes are represented differently in models Several processes are misssing: e.g., important couplings between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the cryosphere e.g., feedbacks in the terrestrial biosphere – climate – stratosphere system incl. emissions of O 3 precursors

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO Some scientific challenges Further explore the planetary system, in particular the atmospheres of more distant or giant planets like Jupiter exoplanets comets M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Sieff et al. (1998)

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO How will the institute look like in 50 years from now ? There are also some organisational and institutional challenges ahead of us! Examples: Technological progress requires more specialisation, e.g., HPC specialists, electronics specialties like FPGA More multidisciplinarity to study the Earth System as a whole Faster, cheaper, …delivery of information to society E-administration to be completed with support from IT …. M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 Immediate challenge : our working environment ! Just now, some renovated offices and a new meeting room ‘Salle Nicolet’

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 But still : poor status of our mechanical workshop …..

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO M. De MazièreAcademic Session Brussels, 25 November 2014 hopefully turned into a modern building accomodating our needs, in 2015 ?

BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERONOMIE SPATIALE DE BELGIQUE BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE AERONOMY BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR RUIMTE-AERONOMIE INSTITUT D’AERO Thank you for your attention! For more information: We look forward to face the challenges with confidence and aim for excellence

M. De Mazière, Senate Space Working Group WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010