Terms By: Katie Romano

A Ambit- the range of pitches Arch-form- symmetric in time & climaxes in the middle Attack- initial growth of sound Avant-garde- style considered to be experimental or advanced

B Blues Progression- 12 bar sequence of seventh- chord changes in jazz based on I, IV and V Blues-Scale- C, D, Eb, E, F, F#, G, A, Bb and C Borrowed Chords- taken from parallel major or minor key

C Cambiata- pair of non-harmonic-tones separated by a 3 rd, approached by a step then resolved to the note in between the 3 rd Chromatic Semitone- half step notated with the same letter name; C and C# Consecutive-octaves and 5ths- similar to parallel 5ths and octaves but in contrary motion Cross-relation- 2 voices encounter contradictory chromaticism

D Density- number of different sounds at a time within a given time and spatial interval Dominant-function- any chord or sound that implies motion to the tonic Dominant-Preparation- any chord that acts as a link between the I and V chord, usually the IV chord

E Elision- omission of pitches from a melodic line Equal-temperament- most pervasive contemporary tuning system in which the octave is divided into 12 semitones

F Fragmentation- use of part of a melodic line Fugue- contrapuntal form that is built from a single subject and has an exposition where all the voices state the subject in turn, alternating the tonic and dominant entrances

G Ground bass- a series of notes that is repeated over and over again in the bass

H Harmonic-rhythm- the rate of chord change Hemiola- a metric pattern of triple in a normally duple meter or vice versa America by Leonard Bernstein

I Idiom- aspect of composition that is especially adapted to or explores an instruments capabilities

L Leitmotif- a brief musical used to symbolize a character, feeling, or thought in a vocal genre Locrian- a seldom used mode, B-B with all white keys S-T-T-S-T-T-T

M Microtone- an interval smaller than a semitone Minimalism- style if music that uses a very small amount of material, repeats it and gradually varies Motet- vocal genre with words, contrapuntal work for voices without instrument parts Motive- brief melodic line or rhythmic idea

O Oblique-motion- voice-leading in which one voice moves against another Overlapping-voices- normal positions of voice is violated Overtone-series- order of overtones ascending from the fundametal

P Parallel-harmony- chords whose voices are in parallel motion

R Root-movement- the change of roots indicated by a directional-interval-class

S Smooth-voice-leading- voice leading where there is no leap greater than a P4 in soprano, alto, or tenor and no greater than a P5 in the bass Sonority- sound usually consisting of a combination of other sounds Syaesthesia- perceiving a mixture of sensory phenomena as one Synthesis- creation of complex sounds by mixing sounds of a simpler nature selective elimination of elements of a complex sound to create a simpler one

T Timbre- the tone color of an instrument defined by the overtone series Tonicization- transient tonics normally created by a secondary-dominant emphasis Twelve-tone-composition- serial composition based on repetition and transformations of an ordered-set of 12 equal tempered pitch-classes Twelve-tone-row- specific ordering of the twelve equal-tempered pcs that are used to generate a musical composition Two-voice Framework- structural outline of the bass line and the most important upper voice