Warm-Up 3/5 #16 Sketch the following cell and label as many parts as you can.

C. regulates what enters and leaves the cell D. packages E. Storage Review!! Yes, you need to write all of the organelles names and function Match the cell organelle with the correct function 1. Mitochondria 2. Chloroplast 3. Cell Membrane 4. Ribosomes 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum 6. Golgi Body 7. Lysosomes 8. Vacuole A. digestion B. protein synthesis C. regulates what enters and leaves the cell D. packages E. Storage F. Energy (Respiration) G. Photosynthesis H. Synthesize lipids and proteins, transport, and communicate

Unit 6 – Cell Physiology Cells are the basic unit of life therefore they must eat, breathe, excrete and maintain homeostasis (balanced internal conditions). To do these things, cells must transport substances across their membrane to regulate life processes to stay alive!

Cell Transport: -- Moving substances a cell needs in and letting wastes out of the cell; this can occur PASSIVELY or ACTIVELY Cell Membrane: The barrier that surrounds ALL cells. It is a phospholipid bilayer AND is selectively permeable. inside cell outside cell

Proteins act like doors in the cell membrane! Pores: SMALL holes that allow certain things to cross the membrane Transport Proteins: proteins specifically shaped to move large things in and out protein channels in bi-lipid membrane

Protein channels Proteins act as doors in the membrane channels to move specific molecules through cell membrane HIGH Donuts! Each transport protein is specific as to the substances that it will translocate (move). For example, the glucose transport protein in the liver will carry glucose from the blood to the cytoplasm, but not fructose, its structural isomer. Some transport proteins have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel through the membrane -- simply provide corridors allowing a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane. These channel proteins allow fast transport. For example, water channel proteins, aquaprorins, facilitate massive amounts of diffusion. LOW

Examples: Diffusion of water Diffusion (Osmosis) Passive Transport: movement of molecules across the membrane from a high to low concentration. NO ENERGY REQUIRED! Examples: Diffusion of water Diffusion (Osmosis)

Diffusion: the spreading out of molecules from high concentration to low concentration Is possible because molecules are always randomly moving and colliding No energy required because molecules are moving WITH the concentration gradient When the molecules are spread throughout the space evenly, this is called EQUILIBRIUM.   Diffusion is how our lungs take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide wastes Osmosis Animation

Diffusion depends on a Concentration Gradient: A concentration gradient is the difference in the concentration of a substance on two sides of a permeable barrier Concentration is the amount of substance present in a mixture or solution

Osmosis: the movement of WATER across a membrane from high to low concentration Osmosis is PASSIVE transport- NO energy is used. Water molecules are found on both inside and outside the cell, WATER moves from a high to low concentration.

A solution is composed of a solute and a solvent A solution is composed of a solute and a solvent. The solute is what is dissolved in the solvent. For osmotic solutions, the solvent is always water. The solutes are usually salt or sugar.

Another Example of Osmosis

To determine how a cell will react you must: First- Look at how much solute is dissolved in the water on either side of the cell. Second- Find the side with the most water and least amount of solute. Water will flow ‘downstream’ from there (high to low).

3. Real-life EXAMPLES of osmosis: Plants use osmosis to take in water they need for photosynthesis If you pour salt on a slug water diffuses out of the slug and causes it to shrink Vegetables in the grocery store are sprayed with water to keep them crisp Draw arrows to show what will happen to the cell below. Kidney dialysis for patients with kidney disease A dialyzer removes waste products from a patient's blood through a semi-permeable membrane, and passes them into the dialysis solution tank. The red blood cells being larger in size cannot pass through the membrane and are retained in the blood. Thus, by the process of osmosis waste materials are continuously removed from the blood. Plants use osmosis to take in water they need for photosynthesis Draw arrows to show what will happen to the cell below. Solution around the cell: 85% water 15% salt 95% water 5% salt

Factors that affect cell transport include: Amount of solute across the membrane (concentration gradient) temperature (higher temperatures=faster diffusion)

Cell Adaptations for survival in a FRESHWATER environment: A cell that lives in freshwater, like a protist called PARAMECIUM is surrounded by HIGH concentration of water. This means water is constantly moving INTO their cells which could be a problem. The ADAPTATION they have is called a CONTRACTILE VACUOLE. This allows them to pump out excess water.

Cell Adaptations for survival in a SALTWATER environment: An organism that lives in a saltwater environment is always in a LOW concentration of water and is constantly losing water. ADAPTED by being able to take up water (drink the salt water and can eliminate excess salt through their gills)

Diffusion Osmosis Movement of molecules from high to low concentration Example of Passive Cell transport Osmosis Movement of water from high to low concentration Example of Passive Cell transport

Keeping water balance Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & water loss freshwater balanced saltwater

Active Transport: when molecules are moved from low to high concentrations (against concentration gradient) REQUIRES ENERGY!! Example: Sodium-Potassium Pump – 3 sodium pumped out and 2 potassium pumped inside http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP11203

Examples of Active Transport digestion of food in the small intestine. Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars such as glucose. The glucose is absorbed by active transport into the villi, to be passed into the bloodstream and taken around the body. Phagocytosis (cell-eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking)

Cell Transport summary simple diffusion facilitated diffusion ATP active transport

Warm Up 3/6 ___________ is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration. Anything coming into or leaving a cell must pass through the ______________. ___________ is the movement of WATER from a high to low concentration. Passive cell transport is when things move in our out of the cell with the concentration gradient and does not require ___________. ___________ cell transport is when things move from low to high AGAINST the concentration gradient and this requires energy. A cell contains MORE salt than its environment. Salt CANNOT pass through the membrane. The cell will __________. What will happen to the cells of a freshwater fish if it is placed into salty seawater? Why do grocery stores constantly spray their vegetables with water?

Sketch the following example and draw what will happen to the water level. Explain WHY this is happening. A paramecium is an aquatic unicellular organism that pumps water out. Is this active or passive transport and WHY?

Flashcard Warm-Up Define the word Producer. Write a synonym for the word producer. What process takes place within the chlorplasts of producers? Explain the role of a producer in a food web.

Warm-up March 9 # Cellular Respiration  This process takes place in ALL living cells to create ENERGY in the form of ATP. -takes place in the mitochondria -the chemical equation is the opposite of photosynthesis glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide+ water + energy C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O ATP  +

Energy production is vital for maintaining homeostasis: ATP : Adenosine triphosphate, the form of energy the form of energy ALL living cells use ATP has energy stored in the chemical bonds between 3 phosphates – breaking phosphate releases energy Energy is released when a bond is broken Product : ADP + Phosphate Energy Recycled: More energy available to add 3rd phosphate

{ { { ATP A Body’s Energy Budget make energy eat food synthesis 1 make energy • energy needed even at rest • activity • temperature control { ATP eat food • growth • reproduction • repair { 2 synthesis (building) • glycogen (animal starch) • fat { 3 storage

Cellular Respiration: happens in ALL cells to get ENERGY Site of Respiration: in eukaryotic cells (BOTH plant and animal) – in the organelle mitochondria The chemical equation is the opposite of photosynthesis Equation: C6H1206 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy) glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide+ water + energy C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O ATP  + REACTANTS PRODUCTS

Two Types of Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Respiration: uses oxygen to break down sugar, takes longer but makes LOTS of ATP Gas Released: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (What organisms use the gas?) Producers turn CO2 and H2O into food glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide+ water + energy C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O ATP  +

Anaerobic Respiration (also called FERMENTATION): when no oxygen is present – faster, but LESS ATP Sore muscles are a result of anaerobic respiration producing lactic acid . Two Types of Anaerobic Respiration: Alcoholic fermentation: used by plants, fungi, bacteria. Makes CO2, H2O and ATP, but also alcohol Lactic Acid fermentation: used by SOME animal cells, makes CO2, H2O and ATP, but also lactic acid

Warm-up 3/6 Photosynthesis Plants are also called autotrophs or producers. They use energy from the Sun and convert carbon dioxide and water into CHEMICAL energy (sugar) and release oxygen

How does energy from the sun become energy for life? Photosynthesis: happens in producers to get food Site of Photosynthesis: in plant/plant-like cells – in the organelle chloroplast Pigment: chlorophyll absorbs light to make food Equation: PRODUCTS REACTANTS NO DIRECT ENERGY MADE!!

Gas Released: oxygen Food: glucose (sugars made) Stored: as starch in the vacuole or in parts of plants (roots, stems) Reason: Will be later used in Cellular Respiration or eaten by animals

3 Factors that Affect Photosynthesis 1- Temperature 2-Amount of carbon dioxide 3-Amount of sunlight

Ticket out the door sketch in warm ups Sketch the following example and fill in the boxes.

Quiz Diffusion energy (ATP) mitochondria Osmosis cell membrane shrink Swell stay the same Active Sugar oxygen carbon dioxide ___________ is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration. Anything coming into or leaving a cell must pass through the ______________. ___________ is the movement of WATER from a high to low concentration. Passive cell transport is when things move in our out of the cell with the concentration gradient and does not require ___________. ___________ cell transport is when things move from low to high AGAINST the concentration gradient and this requires energy. A cell contains MORE salt than its environment. Salt CANNOT pass through the membrane. The cell will __________. What will happen to the cells of a freshwater fish if it is placed into salty seawater? The goal of photosynthesis is for plants to make ___________. Water, sunlight and ________________ are needed for photosynthesis to occur. The gas RELEASED as a waste PRODUCT of photosynthesis is ___________.

ATP What is energy in biology? Adenosine TriPhosphate Whoa! HOT stuff! 2009-2010

Warm-Up March 12 Respiration Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration. The site of respiration in eukaryotic cells is the _____________, which contains folded membranes for increased surface area. Cells need energy for ________ transport, and other processes such as ____________. Two types of cellular respiration are: _________ if oxygen is available _________ if NO oxygen is available A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second!!!

How are they connected? Respiration  Photosynthesis glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy dioxide C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O ATP  + Photosynthesis So, in effect, photosynthesis is respiration run backwards powered by light. Cellular Respiration oxidize C6H12O6  CO2 & produce H2O fall of electrons downhill to O2 exergonic Photosynthesis reduce CO2  C6H12O6 & produce O2 boost electrons uphill by splitting H2O endergonic CO2 H2O C6H12O6 O2 light energy  +  glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide sun + water +

Energy cycle ATP Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration sun CO2 O2 H2O plants H2O CO2 glucose sugars O2 animals, plants Cellular Respiration ATP The Great Circle of Life! Mufasa?

Another view… ATP Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration sun CO2 O2 H2O capture light energy Photosynthesis synthesis producers, autotrophs H2O CO2 organic molecules food O2 waste waste waste consumers, heterotrophs digestion Cellular Respiration ATP release chemical energy

“Burn fuels” to make energy combustion making heat energy by burning fuels in one step CO2 + H2O + heat fuel (carbohydrates) O2 aerobic respiration making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water ATP food (carbohydrates) O2 ATP + CO2 + H2O (+ heat)

Energy needs of life Animals are energy consumers What do we need energy for? synthesis (building for growth) reproduction active transport movement temperature control (making heat) Which is to say… if you don’t eat, you die… because you run out of energy. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics takes over!

What do we need to make energy? The “Furnace” for making energy mitochondria Fuel food: carbohydrates, fats Helpers oxygen enzymes Product ATP Waste products carbon dioxide then used by plants water Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! food ATP enzymes CO2 H2O O2

The poetic perspective All of the solid material of every plant was built out of thin air All of the solid material of every animal was built from plant material sun air Then all the cats, dogs, mice, people & elephants… are really strands of air woven together by sunlight!

Ticket Out the Door 1. Where does cellular respiration take place in eukaryotic cells? 2. What is the most important product made at the end of respiration? 3. How is anaerobic respiration different from aerobic respiration? 4. How are photosynthesis and respiration related?

Ticket out the door Sketch the following cells and explain the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration.

1. What are the needs of the plant for survival?   2. What are the needs of the snail for survival? 3. In what ways does the snail need the plant for survival?  4. Does the plant need the snail for survival? Why or why not?  5. If you had to choose one as more important, which would you pick and why? 6. Describe how photosynthesis and respiration work together to provide the needs of all organisms. 7.Give at least TWO REASONS why photosynthesis and respiration are often described as being the “opposite” of each other.  a. b.  

High (Hot) Temperature Data Effect of Various Factors on Yeast Respiration Factor Affecting Respiration Height of Bag (mm) None – Control Group High (Hot) Temperature Low (Cold) Temperature Acidic (Low) pH Basic (High) pH Different Food Source (Starch not Sugar) No Food Source

Big Unit Review Choose two vocabulary words that were not part of your assigned vocab and draw a picture for them. Choose three words and write a sentence with them. Create two questions of your own and answer ONE of them. Create a news headline and paragraph about a major topic from this unit.

1st Period Record your day 2 data in your data table Acid present – YELLOW Base present – PINK Neutral- ORANGE If CO2 decreases, solution will turn pink. If CO2 increases, solution will turn yellow Use your data to complete the analysis questions! Due tomorrow!