1. Regents Biology

2. Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air

3. Regents Biology Plants are energy producers  Like animals, plants need energy to live  unlike animals, plants don’t need to eat food to make that energy  Plants make both FOOD & ENERGY  animals are consumers  plants are producers

4. Regents Biology How do plants make energy & food?  Plants use the energy from the sun  to make ATP energy  to make sugars  glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch, & more sun ATP sugars

5. Regents Biology H2OH2O Building plants from sunlight & air  Photosynthesis  2 separate processes  ENERGY building reactions  collect sun energy  use it to make ATP  SUGAR building reactions  take the ATP energy  collect CO 2 from air & H 2 O from ground  use all to build sugars ATP sun sugars + carbon dioxide 6CO 2 sugars C 6 H 12 O 6 CO 2 water 6H 2 O + Oxygen 6O 2 +

6. Regents Biology Using light & air to grow plants 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 sun energy → +++ → glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide sun energy + water + (ATP) = used to build the sugar  Photosynthesis  using sun’s energy to make ATP  using CO 2 & water to make sugar  in chloroplasts  allows plants to grow  makes a waste product  oxygen (O 2 )

7. Regents Biology What do plants need to grow?  The “factory” for making energy & sugars  chloroplast  Fuels  sunlight  carbon dioxide  water  The Helpers  enzymes H2OH2O sugars ATP Make ATP! Make sugar! I can do it all… And no one even notices! enzymes CO 2 sun

8. Regents Biology Chloroplasts are only in plants animal cellsplant cells

9. Regents Biology Chloroplasts Chloroplasts in cell Leaf Leaves Chloroplast absorb sunlight & CO 2 make ENERGY & SUGAR Chloroplasts contain Chlorophyll CO 2 Chloroplast sun

10. Regents Biology  Bring In  light  CO 2 H2OH2O  Let Out O2O2  Move Around  sugars So what does a plant need? 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy → +++ roots shoot leaves

11. Regents Biology Transpiration  Water evaporates from the stomates in the leaves  pulls water up from roots  water molecules stick to each other  more water is pulled up tree from ground

12. Regents Biology Stomates & Guard Cells  Function of stomates  CO 2 in  O 2 out  H 2 O out  gets to leaves for photosynthesis  Function of guard cells  open & close stomates guard cellstomate

13. Regents Biology Guard cells & Homeostasis  Homeostasis  keeping the internal environment of the plant balanced  Stomates open  let CO 2 in  needed to make sugar  let H 2 O out  so it gets to leaves  let O 2 out  get rid of waste product  Stomates close  if too much H 2 O evaporating

14. Regents Biology Putting it all together  Making a living…  sunlight  leaves = solar collectors  photosynthesis  gases: CO 2 in & O 2 out  stomates = gases in & out H2OH2O  roots take in water from soil  pulled up by leaf evaporation  nutrients  roots take in from soil

15. Regents Biology H2OH2O Energy cycle PhotosynthesisCellular Respiration sun The Great Circle of Life! Mufasa? glucose sugars O2O2 CO 2 plants animals, plants ATP

16. Regents Biology Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP

17. Regents Biology Energy needs of life  Animals are energy consumers  What do we need energy for?  synthesis (building for growth)  reproduction  active transport  movement  temperature control (making heat)

18. Regents Biology Where do we get energy?  Energy is stored in organic molecules  carbohydrates, fats, proteins  Animals eat these organic molecules → food  digest food to get  fuels for energy (ATP)  raw materials for building more molecules  carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids ATP

19. Regents Biology ATP Energy in biology? Whoa! HOT stuff! Adenosine TriPhosphate

20. Regents Biology Harvesting energy stored in food  Cellular respiration  breaking down food to produce ATP  in mitochondria  using oxygen  “aerobic” respiration  usually digesting glucose  but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 ATP 6CO 2 6H 2 O → + ++ glucose + oxygen → energy + carbon + water dioxide O2O2 food ATP

21. Regents Biology What do we need to make energy?  The “Furnace” for making energy  mitochondria  Fuel  food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins  Helpers  oxygen  enzymes  Product  ATP  Waste products  carbon dioxide  then used by plants  water O2O2 food ATP Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! enzymes CO 2 H2OH2O

22. Regents Biology Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells

23. Regents Biology Can’t store ATP  too unstable  only used in cell that produces it  only short term energy storage  carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage Using ATP to do work? A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second ATP ADP work Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen! Adenosine DiPhosphate Adenosine TriPhosphate

24. Regents Biology make energy A Body’s Energy Budget eat food synthesis (building) energy needed even at rest activity temperature control { growth reproduction repair { storage glycogen (animal starch) fat { ATP 1 2 3

25. Regents Biology What if oxygen is missing?  No oxygen available = can’t complete aerobic respiration  Anaerobic respiration  also known as fermentation  alcohol fermentation  lactic acid fermentation  no oxygen or no mitochondria (bacteria)  can only make very little ATP  large animals cannot survive O2O2 yeastbacteria

26. Regents Biology Anaerobic Respiration  Fermentation  alcohol fermentation  yeast  glucose → ATP + CO 2 + alcohol  make beer, wine, bread  lactic acid fermentation  bacteria, animals  glucose → ATP + lactic acid  bacteria make yogurt  animals feel muscle fatigue O2O2 Tastes good… but not enough energy for me!

27. Regents Biology How are they connected? glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O ATP → +++ Respiration Photosynthesis 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy → +++ → glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide sun energy + water +

28. Regents Biology Got the energy… Ask Questions!!