By Arani Nirmalan, Ewelina Gadek, Sasha Gorenburg, Arber Duka, and Alex Brion. AP World History, Period 5

South Asia Mogul Empire: - Islamic Empire - Decline began around 1600's; emperors stopped policies of religious tolerance Akbar the Great ( ): -Adopted a policy of tolerance toward the various religions that were a part of his empire -Established the jizya, a tax imposed on Hindus; allowed them positions of power and religious freedom Taj Mahal ( ) -A mosque built by Mogul emperor, Shah Jahan in memory of his wife. - It blends Islamic and Hindus architecture, showing how the two lifestyles accepted each other.

Sub Saharan Africa Sub Saharan Africa was mostly Muslim during this time. This change was to increase trade. Eventually, many Africans adopted Christianity to encourage trade with the Europeans. Europeans began to enslave the Africans, this began syncretism. There was a mixture between African music and Christian prayers.

Religion in Western Europe!

-Roman Catholicism is the main branch of Christianity spread across the nation. - In 1517 Martin Luther starts the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church and establishes a new branch of Christianity called Lutheranism. - Lutheranism believed that: faith in one God alone would allow people to get into heaven, no authority on earth could pardon people their sin and the Bible was the only source of religious truth. -In 17 th and 18 th century the Age of Reason/ Enlightment begins. Thinkers reject traditional ideas and begin to apply principles of reason to nature and government.

Latin America Ø The Spanish wanted to spread Christianity throughout Latin America Ø Native Latin Americans had pagan beliefs; they worshipped many gods & idols Ø Franciscan missionaries arrived at Mexico in 1524 and established a school in the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlan, teaching native nobles Christian doctrine Ø Because European epidemics and conquest had destroyed the natives’ lives, many of them abandoned their original beliefs Ø Christian beliefs merged with native beliefs, creating syncretic faiths Ø The Virgin De Guadalupe was a saint revered by natives – It became a national symbol, and the shrine built for her was thought to grant miracles

Eastern Europe During the time of absolute monarchs, Peter the Great sought to westernize Russia. In 1700, the traditional leader, the patriarch, died and Peter refused to name another. He also deemed that men could not join the monastery until after age 50, this decreased the amount of monks in the church. Much of Russian culture changed during this time as well due to the increased urge to westernize. A beard tax was imposed and traditional Russian clothes were outlawed. Since the Europeans were so ahead in terms of technology, Russia was striving to keep up.

East Asia

Religion in the Middle East

Ottoman Empire: - Mullet System: Legally protected religious communities of non Muslims composed of Jews, Greeks, and Armenians. -Ruler Suleiman the Magnificent (ruled ) practiced religious tolerance. -The legal system Sharia, became the Islamic Law. - Jannisaries were soldiers who were young Christian boys taken from Balkan regions and forced into the sultan’s service and to covert to Islam. Safavid Empire: -Safavid Empire proclaimed the Shiites Sect of Islam the official religion of the state.

Japan Shinto and other popular native beliefs are major religions. Chinese brings Neo-Confucianism, which elites use, and Buddhism. In 17 th Century, Tokugawa shoguns stress domestic religion and philosophies over foreign. Jesuit Christians arrive to Japan(1549)  Shoguns order Christian missionaries crucified ( )

China First native religions were Confucianism, Daoism and popular local beliefs. The local religions were polytheistic, practiced ancestral veneration, and idolism. Buddhism arrives in China after Muslim invaders forced them out from India( AD, Han Dynasty). It becomes one of the major religions in China Religions blend! Buddhism + Confucianism = Neo-Confucianism Buddhism + Daoism = Zen Buddhism Christians reopen relations with China through presentations of new inventions (i.e., calendar, clock, food, weapons) in At first, Jesuits allow ancestral veneration and masses to be said in Mandarin  Franciscans and Dominicans convinced the pope to make it sinful to do so. (Early 18 th Century) Afterwards, conversions reduce and Christianity is outlawed in China