Chapter 5 Section 1 1. How did the Articles of Confederation structure the government? a. loose union of the states under the authority of Congress (weak central government) b. Only one branch: Congress c. Powers: raise armies, declare war, sign treaties d. Powers denied: raise taxes, regulate trade 2. How did the Northwest Ordinance provide the structure for governing the western territory? a. divided the region into between 3 to 5 states b. 5000 male residents, the territory could elect a legislature c. when it reached 60,000 male residents, it could apply for statehood d. outlawed slavery in the region 3. Understanding the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation: a. could not tax/raise money -could not pay its debts -weak currency -economic instability/recession b. no power to enforce treaties -could not hold foreign nations accountable c. could not regulate commerce -could not force states to comply over trade issues -states began to create tariffs/taxes between other states causing each state to act as independent mini-nations d. Each state had only one vote -large/populous states felt this was an unfair advantage in Congress for the smaller states 4. How did the weaknesses of the federal government create international and domestic problems for the U.S.? a. Britain refused to remove its troops from the western region until the U.S. honored its treaty obligations b. border disputes along Spanish territory caused Spain to restrict American trade along the Mississippi River c. Recession: the country was in poor shape, tremendous debt caused instability/fear leading to foreclosures and worthless paper money

5. How did Shays's Rebellion force the nation to fix our weak federal government? a. 1787, Many farmers could not afford to pay their taxes or their mortgages after the war due to the recession b. paper money became almost worthless due to massive inflation c. banks foreclosed on people creating hardship and panic e. Daniel Shays led a group of Massachusetts farmers to rebel against the state government f. They stole weapons and began to attack banks and court housed that enforced the foreclosures g. the government had a difficult time putting down this rebellion demonstrating how weak the federal government was and called for a Constitutional Convention

Chapter 5 Section 2 1. Many Americans felt the need for a stronger central government was needed. In 1787, the states sent representalives to Philadelphia to address the weaknesses under the Articles of Confederation. These delegates/representatives would become known as our Founding Fathers. a. describe the background of who these delegates where: -55 men from all the states (except Rhode Island) -white males -wealthy -planters, lawyers, merchants 2. Why do you feel the delegates wanted to keep the public out of the convention and not what was said until it was over? wanted to ensure each person felt free and open to express their ideas without fear of outside criticism 3. Identify the major obstacles/issues the states argued over during the convention: a. large states v. small states b. slavery 4. Explain the controversy surrounding large states v. small states: a. Large states wanted representation in government influenced/based on a states population giving them an advantage, while small states wanted to have equal say/power regardless of population 5. How did the Virginia Plan set up a structure for government and favor larger states? a. divided the government into three branches (legislative, executive & judicial) b. each state would elect representatives to the legislative branch c. number of representatives each state was based on population (large states could send more representatives) 6. How did William Patterson's New Jersey Plan attempt to structure our government? a. modify the Articles of Confederation to make a stronger central government b. single branch of government (legislative) where each state regardless of size had the same amount of representatives 7. How did Roger Sherman's Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise) solve the dispute between large and small states? a. used most of the ideas presented in the Virginia Compromise d. divided up the legislative branch into two houses, -Congress: the number of representatives each state would send to congress was based on population -Senate: each state would send only two representatives regardless of size

8. Why was slavery a major issue between Northern and Southern states/ a. slavery existed mostly in the south and their economy relied heavily upon it b. southern states wanted to count slaves toward their population so they could send more representatives to congress c. northerners felt counting enslaved people who were not permitted to vote was not was unjust 9. How did the delegates in the Constitutional Convention solve the debate over slavery? a. 3/5 Compromise: for every 5 slaves, would count as three people toward population b. federal government could not interfere with the slave trade 10. How did the new constitution structure the federal government? a. separation of powers - three branches of government (legislative, executive & judicial) b. legislative: congress writes the laws c. executive: led by the President enforces the laws d. judicial: federal courts interpret the laws e. federalism: divided government powers between the states and federal government f. checks and balances: in order to prevent one branch from becoming too powerful, each branch had powers to limit/restrict another branch examples -President can veto (reject) bill passed by Congress -Judicial Branch can declare a law unconstitutional (or strike it down) -President appoints judges, but senate must approve them -impeach: congress can remove the President if found guilty of violating the Constitution 11. Why did the Founding Fathers believe there was a need to have the ability to amend the Constitution? wanted to ensure the governmnet could change as the needs of the country changed 12. How does the amendment process work? a. 2/3 of the approval by Congress or state legislatures b. followed by approval of 3/4 of each state or by Congress

Chapter 5 Section 3 1. Who were the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists? a. Federalists were those who supported the new Constitution b. Anti-Federalists were those who opposed the new Constitution 2. Why did these two groups disagree? a. Federalists felt a very strong central government could regulate, trade, impose taxes, protect property rights (mostly made up of merchants, large land owners and artisans) b. Anti-Federalists opposed the new constitution because they feared individual states would be overpowered by a strong central government and did not address individual rights and liberties (mostly small farmers and those living far from the coastal regions) 3. How did the Federalists attempt to convince each state to ratify the Constitution? a. established a well organized campaign to ease the fears of the Anti-Federalists b. Federalist Papers: series of letters written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, to clearly explain why the new constitution would work 4. How many of the states needed to approve the new Constitution for it to go into effect? 9 out of 13 5. Why do you think the Federalists needed the larger states like New York and Virginia to ratify the new government/ since they were large states, they had big populations and big economies. Without there support the new government would likely collapse 6. How did the Federalists finally convince every state to approve the new Constitution? promised to add a Bill of Rights (amendments) that protected individual rights and state powers

Chapter 5 Section 1 1. How did the Articles of Confederation structure the government? a. b. c. d. 2. How did the Northwest Ordinance provide the structure for governing the western territory? a. b. c. d. 3. Understanding the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation: a. b. c. d. 4. How did the weaknesses of the federal government create international and domestic problems for the U.S.? a. b. c.

5. How did Shays's Rebellion force the nation to fix our weak federal government?

Chapter 5 Section 2 1. Many Americans felt the need for a stronger central government was needed. In 1787, the states sent representalives to Philadelphia to address the weaknesses under the Articles of Confederation. These delegates/representatives would become known as our Founding Fathers. 2. Why do you feel the delegates wanted to keep the public out of the convention and not what was said until it was over? 3. Identify the major obstacles/issues the states argued over during the convention: a. b. 4. Explain the controversy surrounding large states v. small states: 5. How did the Virginia Plan set up a structure for government and favor larger states? c. 6. How did William Patterson's New Jersey Plan attempt to structure our government? 7. How did Roger Sherman's Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise) solve the dispute between large and small states?

8. Why was slavery a major issue between Northern and Southern states/ c. 9. How did the delegates in the Constitutional Convention solve the debate over slavery? 10. How did the new constitution structure the federal government? d. e. f. 11. Why did the Founding Fathers believe there was a need to have the ability to amend the Constitution? 12. How does the amendment process work?

Chapter 5 Section 3 1. Who were the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists? a. b. 2. Why did these two groups disagree? a. b. 3. How did the Federalists attempt to convince each state to ratify the Constitution? a. b. 4. How many of the states needed to approve the new Constitution for it to go into effect? 5. Why do you think the Federalists needed the larger states like New York and Virginia to ratify the new government/ 6. How did the Federalists finally convince every state to approve the new Constitution?