Functional Groups What is the family name?

alkanes C H Only carbon and hydrogen All single bonds Q: What should you call cyclic hydrocarbons made up o of just single bonds? A: Cycloalkanes

alkenes H C Only carbon and hydrogen A carbon to carbon double bond Q: What should you call a molecule with two C=Cs? A: A diene

alcohols Only one oxygen Has an O-H group Can classify as 1º/2º/3º according to position of O-H group on carbon skeleton C H O Q: Why are short-chain alcohols so soluble in water? A: They can form hydrogen bonds with H2O molecules

phenols Only one oxygen Has an O-H group The O-H group is directly attached to a benzene ring H O Q: The C6H5- group has a special name. What is it? A: Phenyl

aldehydes H O C Only one oxygen Has a C=O group C=O group is at the end of carbon chain, so is next door to a hydrogen atom Q: Aldehydes can be easily oxidised to form …? A: Carboxylic acids

ketones C H O Only one oxygen Has a C=O group C=O group is not at the end of carbon chain, so is next door to 2 carbons Q: Ketones cannot easily be oxidised. Why not? A: No hydrogen atom attached to the C=O group.

carboxylic acids H O C Has 2 oxygens Has O-H and C=O groups on the same carbon atom This -COOH group has to be at the end of a carbon chain (why?) C H O Q: Write an equation showing how ethanoic acid can a act as a (weak) acid. A: CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq)

esters Has 2 oxygens One oxygen is part of a C=O bond, the other is next door, sandwiched between two carbons C H O Q: This ester can be made by reacting ethanoic acid with a an alcohol. Name the alcohol, and name the ester. A: Alcohol = methanol; ester = methyl ethanoate

ethers Has 1 oxygen No O-H or C=O group The oxygen is sandwiched between two carbon atoms C H O Q: Why do ethers have much lower boiling points t than their isomeric alcohols? A: No hydrogen bonds between ether molecules (why?)

“What family…?” quiz 5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO! Family names: cycloalkane alkene primary (1º) alcohol secondary (2º) alcohol tertiary (3º) alcohol phenol aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester ether … are you ready? 5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!

What family does it belong to? (1) C H

What family does it belong to? (2) C H O

What family does it belong to? (3) C H O

What family does it belong to? (4) C H

What family does it belong to? (5) C O

What family does it belong to? (6) C H O

What family does it belong to? (7) C H O

What family does it belong to? (8)

What family does it belong to? (9) C H O

What family does it belong to? (10) C H O

What family does it belong to? (11) C H

Answers: “What family?” quiz (1) C H alkene

Answers: “What family?” quiz (2) C H O aldehyde

Answers: “What family?” quiz (3) C H O secondary alcohol

Answers: “What family?” quiz (4) O C H primary alcohol

Answers: “What family?” quiz (5) C O ether

Answers: “What family?” quiz (6) C H O ester

Answers: “What family?” quiz (7) C H O ketone

Answers: “What family?” quiz (8) O phenol

Answers: “What family?” quiz (9) C H O carboxylic acid

Answers: “What family?” quiz (10) C H O tertiary alcohol

Answers: “What family?” quiz (11) C C H H H cycloalkane

“Spot the functional groups” quiz alkene primary (1º) alcohol secondary (2º) alcohol tertiary (3º) alcohol phenol arene (NEW!) aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester ether … are you ready? 5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!

Spot both the functional groups (1) phenol OH OH O OH O carboxylic acid

Spot all three functional groups (2) OH O O ester OH O carboxylic acid arene

Spot both the functional groups (3) OH OH O phenol ester

Spot both the functional groups (4) primary alcohols OH OH OH secondary alcohol

Spot all three functional groups (5) ketone OH O O OH tertiary alcohol alkene

Spot all three functional groups (6) aldehyde alkene arene

Spot all three functional groups (7) OCH3 O O ketone arene OCH3 ether

Functional groups quiz: results Maximum score = 18 How did you do?