APPLICATION OF BETTER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) IN SMALL HOLDER SHRIMP FARMS 2002-2006 Arief Taslihan, Richard B. Callinan, Derek Foster, Supito, Erick Sutikno, Lideman, and Saldyansah

BACKGROUND: How important is BMP to be implement?

WSD outbreaks have hammered Indonesian farmers during the past decade

Because of WSD, most farmers must emergency harvest their shrimp in the first 2 months post stocking

and leave many thousands of hectares of ponds (extensive, semi-intensive and intensive) idle and unmanaged

Typical smallholder farmer practices

Pond preparation Ponds are not well dried Organic matter from previous crops accumulated in pond bottom as rich organic muddy soils Removing blackish mud soil just put inside of the dike

Water pumping system without prior treatment

Selection and stocking of fry Ponds are stocked with low quality PLs which have not been PCR tested PL source hatchery is unknown (un-traceability) Excessive stocking density

Typical problems during grow out Overpopulation of benthic macro algae Depletion of oxygen during early morning Resulting mass mortality, presumably due to oxygen drop, characterized by swollen opercula Developing WSD outbreak When shrimp survive until the 3rd month, they frequently develop black gill disease (fouling) followed by low level mortality Benthic macro algae Uneven growth WSD ‘Pinky disease’

In response, we developed a BMP program which we then: validated using ‘key farmers’ extended farmer-to-farmer within farmer groups

Objectives of the BMP program To reduce the risk of white spot disease in semi- intensive shrimp ponds To improve farmers’ shrimp production To alleviate poverty among coastal communities

BMP program was built around basic WSSV biosecurity for shrimp ponds Stock PCR test negative PLs Keep the virus out of the pond by setting a fencing around the pond to prevent introduction of virus carrier

5 basic BMPs introduced in validation trials with key farmers Proper pond soil preparation Water treatment : elimination of WSSV carriers Providing good quality seed, including two step PCR test negative for WSDV (OIE standard procedure) Proper water quality management: providing paddle wheels as oxygen stabilizer Better feed management

Jepara validations of BMP (July 2002- August 2003) No. of ponds Success* Failure Remarks 6 4 2 High salinity stress triggered WSSV outbreak during first trial Percent successful: 67%

Implementation of BMP at farmers level

Location I: Sidoarjo

Total East Java implementation 2003-2006 Pond Location Total ponds Success-full crop (Ponds) Failure crop (Ponds) Remarks Candi sub district, Sidoarjo district 19 4 18 1 Prolong of dry season caused failure due to less water exchange Tanggulangin sub. district, Sidoarjo district 6 3 2 Failure due to flood on day 75 of culture Duduk Sampean sub.district Gresik district 5 14 Failure due to flood on day 85 of culture Soil quality support successful crop White: semi-intensive; yellow: traditional

Program dissemination at Sidoarjo

Location II: South Sulawesi trials 2003-2005

Result of South Sulawesi trials Pond location No. of ponds success Failure Remarks Pinrang 4 2 WSD; excessive stocking density, over loaded Pangkep Semi-intensive Extensive Farm layout and local environment made biosecurity unmanageable Maros 1 Crop loss due to acid soil Percent successful: 12%

Acid soil ponds, Maros case study Premature harvest at day 95, without WSSV accident due to low water quality

Location III: Praya, West Nusatenggara (July – September 2006)

Implementation: July 2005 – September 2006 Total trial pond Success-full* Failure Problems 4 4 (100%) High salinity (~42 ppt)

Performance of trial pond at Peras, Central Lombok District, West Nusatenggara Parameter Pond 1 Pond 2 Pond area (m2) 5000 4000 Stocking density (Pl’s/m2) 60.000 (12 Pl’s/m2) 50.000 (12 Pl’s/ m2) DOC (days) 129 Production (Kg/pond) 904.5 891.5 Production per hectare (Kg/ha) 1.809 2.228 Size (shrimp/kg) 63 47 FCR 1:1.5 1:1.6 Survival rate (%) 95 84

Performance of dissemination program 2002-2006 Total ponds Success full crop Loss crop Percentage 76 61 15 80%

Workshop on BMP implementation 6-8 March 2006 in Surabaya At the end of the project implementation, a three days workshop was conducted at Surabaya BMP based experience in shrimp ponds was presented during the workshop Workshop was participated 82 participants consisted of DGA staff, provincial and district fisheries agencies, farmers and stake holders

Continuing farmers participation on BMP implementation of post project Area for BMP implementation has developed to > 30 Ha in Gresik Strong participation of key farmers take important role in BMP implementation in the area

Expand farmer’s participation to implement BMP in Gresik district

Emerging lessons Key farmer character influenced program success Local farm environmental conditions and biosecurity issues must be considered for program to succeed

Conclusions Implementation of BMP program is likely to be successful only where the following conditions are satisfied: Local environment is suitable for extensive and semi-intensive shrimp culture and allows farm bio-security Hatcheries and reliable PCR test facilities are available locally Farmers are enthusiastic about participating and are organized into groups; key farmer choice is critical District/provincial government (Dinas Perikanan) must support program Extension support from private sector is also important

Extension material Books and VCDs have distributed to farmers around Java, Aceh, Riau, South Sulawesi, West Nusatenggara and East Kalimantan provinces

Thank you