Human Geography 2012

Push/Pull Factors Push Factors Pull Factors Factors causing people to leave a location. War Poverty Unemployment Human Rights Abuse Overcrowding Natural Disasters Factors attracting people to a new location. Freedom Jobs Better Opportunities Education Better Standard of Living Security

Unemployment

Poverty

Human Rights Abuse

Natural Disasters

Security

Education

Better Standard of Living

Jobs

Economic Systems

Economics the way people exchange goods and services.

Economic Systems Free Enterprise Socialism Communism Government owns the things that used to make and transport products and there is no property owned privately . Examples: Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam Private businesses are able to compete with each other with little control by the government. Example: United States Major industries are owned and controlled by the government than by individual people and companies. Example: Egypt

Free Enterprise People freely produce and buy what they want Prices are set by the consumers and producers Prices are set by the interaction of supply and demand Producers invest their money in order to make a profit There is little government interference Inefficient producers are eliminated by going out of business Examples: United States

Free Enterprise

Socialist Government owns some basic industries Private ownership of smaller business is allowed Government provides low-cost or free public services ( education, healthcare) Example: Sweden, Venezuela, Egypt

Socialist

Communist Government sets economic goals to be met Workers labor together and are supposed to share equally in the fruits of their labor Private property ownership is abolished Example: Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam

Communist

Traditional People meet their basic needs much as their ancestors did. Economic decisions are made on the basic of customs and beliefs handed down from one generation to another

Traditional Subsistence Agriculture Cottage Industries Farming in which food is produced by a family just for its own needs Small scale industries based in the home

Traditional

Economic Activities

Primary Activity The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface. Ex: Farming

Primary Activity

Secondary Activity The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials. Ex: Manufacturing

Secondary Activity

Tertiary Activity The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people, in exchange for payment. Example: Teachers, Doctors, Cashiers

Tertiary Activity

Quaternary Activity The portion of the economy concerned with information, populated with highly-skilled, well-trained individuals. Ex: Computer programmers and Management

Quaternary Activity

Measuring Economic Development Per capita income- average amount of money earned by each person within a country. Gross national product (GNP)- total value of all goods and services produced by a country over a year.

Urban Geography Urbanization- dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes of lifestyle that follows

Migration Moving from place to place, and when it refers to a seasonal movement repeated yearly.

Migration

Immigration A permanent move of one’s main place of residence.

Emigration Is prompted by a variety of factors, as people leave their country in order to flee a war, find education or job opportunities, or join their family in another land.

Human Development Index Indicator of level of development for each country, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

Human Development Index

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The total value of goods and services created within a country.

Gross National Product (GNP) The total value of goods and services that a country produces in a year.

Infant Mortality Rate The number of infant deaths per 1000.

Literacy Rate Percentage of people who can read and write.

Developed Countries Countries with high levels of industrialization and high standard of living. Examples: USA, Japan, France

Developed Countries

Developing Countries Countries with less productive economic than developed countries and low standards of living. Examples: Mexico, Brazil, South Africa

Developing Countries