Introduction to Linguistics Unit IV: Morphology Ruja Sukpat English Program Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University

What is Morphology?

What is morphology? The study and description of how words are formed in language Merriam-Webster, 2019

What are differences of word, morpheme, and syllable?

Let’s Think! Q: What is word? Word is the minimal unit of meaning. It can occur independently in the language.

Think Further! Q: What is morpheme? Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of the language

What’s else! Q: What is allomorph? Allomorph is a set of forms that a morpheme may take in different context

What’s about syllable! Q: What is syllable? Syllable is a part of a word that contains a single vowel sound

What are roots, stems, and affixes?

What is a root? A form which is not further analyzable. A part if word form that remains when all affixes have been remove

What is a stem? A form to which affixes can be attached. A form of a word before any inflectional affixes are added.

What is an affix? a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.

Types of Morphemes

Types of Morphemes Free Morphemes: A morpheme that can stand alone independently as a word Bound Morphemes: A morpheme that only occurs as a part of word; an affix

Bound Morphemes Bound Morpheme can be divided into 2 types Inflectional Bound Morphemes Derivational Bound Morphemes

Inflectional Morphemes Affixes that can define a part of speech Inflections do not change the part of speech of its roots All the inflectional affixes are suffixes.

8 English Inflections Noun Inflections Plural Marker: -s/ -es/ -en eg. changes, boxes, children Possessive Marker: -’s eg. Harry’s dog, the student’s score

8 English Inflections (cont.) Verb Inflections Past Tense Marker: -ed eg. returned, studied, changed Third Person Singular Marker: -s eg. Harry always wakes up at 6 am. She loves swimming in the sea.

8 English Inflections (cont.) Verb Inflections Progressive Marker: -ing eg. He is still working on that project. Past Participle Marker: -en/ -ed eg. He has eaten a quick breakfast. Dave has studied English since 9 am.

8 English Inflections (cont.) Adjective and Adverb Inflections Comparative Marker: -er eg. Harry is taller than Dave. Superative Marker: -est eg. Sally is the smartest student in the class.

Derivational Morphemes Most derivational affixes cause a change of part of speech. Derivations cause a change in meanings. English derivaitonal affixes may be either prefixes or suffixes.

Derivational Morphemes dis- means negation, lack dissimilar disloyal dishonest *dispretty *disgood *disbeautiful Note: * means unacceptable

Examples of Derivational Morphemes - ness changes adjectives to nouns blind kind sad happy blindness kindness sadness happiness

Examples of Derivational Morphemes - ee changes a transitive verb to a person who is an object or beneficiary of the act train pay employ interview trainee payee employee interviewee

Examples of Derivational Morphemes - er changes a verb to an agent noun train pay employ interview trainer payer employer interviewer

Examples of Derivational Morphemes mono- adding meaning ‘alone’, ‘single’, ‘one’ culture tone rail -logue monoculture monotone monorail monologue

Examples of Derivational Morphemes ex- indicating former title or status president husband secretary member ex-president ex-husband ex-secretary ex-member

Zero Morphemes Zero morpheme is an invisible affix. Ex. fish, sheep, deer, aircraft, salmon, cod, etc.

Word Formation

Complex Words Free Morpheme + Bound Morpheme love + ly = lovely happy + ness = happiness sing + er = singer real + ity = reality keep + er = keeper friend + ly = friendly sail + or = sailor cheer + ful = cheerful

Complex Words (cont.) Bound Morpheme + Free Morpheme re + view = review im + balance = imbalance pre + test = pretest mal + function = malfunction im + plant = implant trans + plant = transplant post + war = postwar post + script = postscript

Complex Words (cont.) Bound Morpheme + Bound Morpheme re + ceive = receive sub + mit = submit de + ceive = deceive pre + dict = predict re + cord = record de + ceive = deceive in + volve = involve pro + gram = program

Compound Words A combination of 2 free morpheme to form a new word and a new meaning rain + bow = rainbow sweet + heart = sweetheart land + mark = landmark room + mate = roommate post + man = postman book + store = bookstore

Structure of compound words Noun + Noun e.g. girlfriend, baseball, catwalk Adj. + Noun e.g. sweetheart, hotdog, bluebell Adj. + Adj. e.g. icy cold, red hot Noun + Adj. e.g. life-long, head strong

Ablaut a process by which an inflected form of a word is formed by changing the vowel of the base (glottopedia) e.g. sing (v.) song (n.) shoot (v.) shot (n.) sell (v.) sale (n.)

Ablaut Example of ablaut: sing sang sung write wrote written drink drank drunk swim swam swum bring brought brought

Acronym An abbreviation consisting of initial letters that are read like an ordinary word. (glottopedia) e.g. NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations Radar radio detection and ranging

Back Formation A process in which assumes a word to have a morphological structure, and decomposes it with the similar rule of other similar words e.g. donation  donate diagnosis  diagnose burglar  burgle

Blending a process by combining two separate words with different meaning to a new word with a new meaning e.g. breakfast + lunch  blunch motor + hotel  motel dance + exercise  dancercise education + entertainment  edutainment

Clipping The process of forming a new word by shortening one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word e.g. examinatioin  exam labolatory  lab domitory  dorm telephone  phone

Functional Shift Functional shift occurs when an existing word takes on a new syntactic function. (wikipedia) e.g. walk (v.) walk (n.) like (v.) like (n.) love (v.) love (n.)

Coinage e.g. Xerox Kleenex Nylon Aspirin Google Kodak A process that the meaning of a brand name is broadened and is used to replace the standard name e.g. Xerox Kleenex Nylon Aspirin Google Kodak

Unit 4 Morphology Difference of Word, Morpheme, and Syllable Difference of Root, Stem, and Affix Types of Morpheme: Free Morpheme and Bound Morpheme Word Formation

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