AIM: HOW WAS THE ROMAN EMPIRE ESTABLISHED? 1 1

How did the Macedonian Empire emerge? How are Empires established?

"Delenda est Carthago" Cato the Elder “Carthage must be destroyed” 3 3 3

I. THE EXPANSION OF ROME a. PUNIC WARS 1. Rome was imperialistic 2. Wanted to dominate weaker countries that surrounded the Roman Empire.

b. Punic Wars, ended in Roman victory in 146 B. C. E b. Punic Wars, ended in Roman victory in 146 B.C.E. Rome also expanded into the eastern Mediterranean as Hellenistic kingdoms collapsed. 5 5 5

Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with elephants to be used in battle Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with elephants to be used in battle. What do you think the reaction was of the Roman soldiers to elephants in battle? 11 11 11

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AIM: Why did the Roman Empire decline? 15 15 15

I. End of the Republic a. Conquest brought money and corruption. b. Rise in new wealthy class, huge estates –Latifundia. c. Poor farmers had no land. d. Large gap between rich and poor. e. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus: patricians that attempt to reform Rome. f. Tiberius was assassinated for it, Gaius committed suicide. g. Senate favored the wealthy. h. 80-31 BCE: 50 years of civil wars.

Aim: How did Julius Caesar influence Rome?

Describe the images, and describe the differences & similarities between these three leaders. 18

I. IMPERIAL RISE OF JULIUS CAESAR A. TRIUMVIRATE 1. 60 BCE: Crassius, Pompey, Caesar 2. Senate wants Pompey 3. Civil War: Pompey vs. Caesar 4. Caesar wins and is named dictator for life 19

2. Veni, Vedi, Vici, -----I came, I saw, I conquered. B. JULIUS CAESAR 1. Military commander 2. Veni, Vedi, Vici, -----I came, I saw, I conquered. 3. Added Gaul to empire. 20

“I came, I saw, I conquered” What does this quote mean? 22

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4. CAESAR’S REFORMS: He granted citizenship to many in the provinces, expanded the Senate (friends & supporters), created jobs for the poor, started colonies for the landless poor and increased soldier’s pay.

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“ET TU BRUTE?” Caesar What does this quote mean?

Why would Brutus want to kill Caesar? 28

5. MARCH 44 B.C.E.–IDES OF MARCH-Caesar’s rule alienated many members of the Roman elite and he was assassinated in 44 B.C.E. which led to continued civil conflict until the acceptance of Octavian, Caesar’s nephew and adopted son. 29

Concluding Journal Entry Julius Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March, 4 years into his reign as dictator. He was killed because he changed Rome from a republic to a dictatorship. WHAT IF he wasn’t assassinated? Do you believe Rome would have been different? Explain how his longer rule would have changed world history.