RENEWABLE POWER TO CLEAN FUELS SYMPOSIUM May 20, 2019 Michael Lord, Executive Engineer Toyota Motor North America

Why FCEVs? No one technology will meet the needs of every customer. Here are some of FCEVs’ advantages Characteristics Detail Long Range 300+ miles Fueling Fast Less than 5 min Technology neutral Standard on fueling and vehicle side. Well known model Same as ICE Cold/hot weather performance Less performance impact MUD Compatible Excellent ZEV option when home charging not available Scalability Applicable from small PC to largest HDT

Components of a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

FCEVs will Have Lower Costs for Longer Range Vehicles Tesla Model X 100D Range: 295mi Chevy Bolt EV Range: 238mi Toyota Mirai Range: 312mi Capacity if doubling in FCEVs without adding significant additional cost. Mirai energy H2: H2 = 33.3 kWh/kg Mirai Capacity: 4.7 kg Efficiency: 55% 33.3 x 4.7 x 55% = 86 kWh http://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Hydrogen-scaling-up-Hydrogen-Council.pdf

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Refueling Fast 3-5 minutes for 300+ mile range Energy transfer rate: 2,400 kW equivalent! Centralized Same as gasoline station No membership Pay with standard credit/debit card Same for all light duty vehicles Single nozzle/inlet standard Single refueling protocol = standard refueling speed H2 plays a unique role by redirecting, storing, and distributing grid energy as a transportation fuel. 500+ vehicle/day station can transfer 16 megawatts equivalent of H2 for electric drive without grid impact SAE Protocol: 1 kg / min x 40 kWh/kg * 60 min/hr = 2,400 kW 500 vehicle station: 400kg/day 400 kg/day * 40 kWh = 16,000 kWh of

Hot & Cold Weather Performance FCEVs BEVs Heating or cooling for interior comfort comes from battery Battery also powers electric drivetrain As a result, effective range decreases in hot or cold weather At colder temperatures and lower states of charge, the batteries cannot deliver the full power output Fuel cell warms up quickly to full performance The chemical reaction inside a fuel cell creates heat that can be used to warm up the cabin in cold weather Range reduction is not much of an issue in home charging, but can be a big deal in public charging.

FCEVs: An Excellent Option Where Home Charging is Difficult… For customers: Living in apartment buildings with common parking areas Parking on the street Renting where landlord is hesitant to invest in charging stations Needing daily long distance driving

Scalability - Various Approaches of Toyota Group <Class 8 Heavy Duty Truck> ・Project “Portal” Second generation Truck ・Participation Port of LA ZENZEFF project. <FC Bus “Sora” > ・100 buses for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics Hydrogen usage is not just about passenger cars. The whole Toyota group is working on a broad range of initiatives. The US is leading development of the Class 8 Heavy Duty Truck. In Japan, we are working with 7-Eleven on a FC delivery truck. And we are developing 100 FC buses to be used at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. In Portugal, Toyota’s fuel cell system will be used in Caetanobus’s(カエタノバス） first FCEV city buses. Caetanobus will be launch first hydrogen demonstration city bus in autumn 2019. <FC city buses in Portugal > ・Toyota’s fuel cell system to be used in Caetanobus’s first FCEV city buses. ・Caetanobus to launch first hydrogen demonstration city bus in autumn 2019. <Fuel Cell Delivery Trucks & Power Generators> Studies on Energy Conservation & CO2 Reduction in Distribution and at Stores. 8

Toyota to Expand Mass-Production of FC Stacks and Hydrogen Tanks for 10x Increase Post-2020 Toyota announced global sales of FCEVs to increase significantly after 2020 to 30,000/yr, from 3000/yr today New building at Toyota City, Japan, Honsha Plant, to produce Fuel Cell (FC) Stacks New production line at Shimoyama Plant to produce H70 hydrogen tanks Expansion of sales market areas globally Currently Mirai sold retail in 11 countries (JP, US, EU) Demo Mirai activity in Australia, Canada, China, UAE Toyota announced global sales of FCVs increasing significantly after 2020, to 30,000 per year from today's 3,000. To prepare for this growth, we have moved production of fuel cell stacks at new building in Honsha Plant. We are also building a new production line for the high-pressure hydrogen tanks. https://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/corporate/22647198.html https://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/detail/9834836 5

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