PROBLEM Fundamental principle If we want to solve a problem, one must generally know what the problem is: Problem Scientific problem A good statement problem : (no one right: way to state one). The problem of published by Hurlock (Kerluiser, 1973) Exp: 1. what are the affects of public performance at different types of incentives. ? (Question form) ● The simplest way is here the best way ● The problem states a relation between variabels A problem, is an interogative sentence or statement That asks: “What relationship between two or more variables” 2. Do teacher’s comments cause improvement in student performance ? X1 teacher comment X2 Student performance The ralation part → “cause”

Criteria of good problem statement 1. The problem should express a relation between two or more variables. Exp: Is A related to B ? How are A and B related to C How is A related to B under condition C and D ? 2. Problem should be stated clearly and unambigiuosly in question form. 3. Problem statement should be such as to imply possibilities of empiricial testing.

CONCEPT Concept is an abstraction-a symbol- a respresentation of an object or one of its properties, or of a behavioral phenomenon. For example: “social status”, “power”, “bureaucracy”. Each scietific discipline develops its unique set of concepts. Four Function of Concept: 1. Concept provides a common language, which enable scientist to ccommunicate with one another. 2. Concept gives scientiest a perpective a way of looking phenomenon 3. Concept allows scientist to classify their experiences and to generalize from them. 4. Concept is components of theories it defines a theory’s content and attributes.

Conceptual Definition Definitions that describe concepts by using other concepts. For example: “power” has been conceptually defined as the ability of an actor (an individual, a group) to get another actor to do something. Primitive Term, is a concept that can not be defined by other concepts. For example: color, smell, sound. Operational definition is definitions that provide concepts with empirical referents. Operational definition bridges the conceptual-theoretical and empirical-observational levels. Operational definition defines what to do and what to observe.