Physical Energy Flow Accounts - Example Austria Jasmin Guelden Sterzl Directorate Spatial Statistics Vienna May 11, 2017

PEFA: same data as in energy balances, arranged differently General Overview Physical Energy Flow Accounts are a part of Energy Accounts: Energy accounts Physical Energy Flow Accounts PEFA Asset Accounts (opening and closing stock of environmental assets, stock changes) Ideally, data that enter Energy Accounts come from the same sources as for Energy Balances. PEFA: same data as in energy balances, arranged differently

Why Energy Accounts…? Energy accounts in general and PEFA specifically use data from energy statistics, applying definitions from National Accounts so that energy data can be aligned with monetary data in National Accounts. Different definitions regarding transport data and the treatment of data within the national boundary (residence vs. territory principle). The energy balance is the most common format of energy statistics.

Comparison Balance vs. Accounts Energy Balance Indigenous Production + Imports +/- Stock changes -Exports Gross Inland Consumption +/-Transformation Sector -Energy Sector Use -Transport Losses -Non Energy Use Final Energy Consumption Consumption of Sectors Energy Accounts Primary Production + Secondary Production + Imports Supply = Use -Exports -Stock Changes -Losses -Non Energy Use -Consumption of private Households Intermediate Consumption Consumption of NACE 64/99 National Accounts

Links between the two concepts Energy Balance Indigenous Production + Imports +/- Stock changes -Exports Gross Inland Consumption +/-Transformation Sector -Energy Sector Use -Transport Losses -Non Energy Use Final Energy Consumption Consumption of Sectors Energy Accounts Primary Production + Secondary Production + Imports Supply = Use -Exports -Stock Changes -Losses -Non Energy Use -Consumption of private Households Intermediate Consumption Consumption of NACE 64/99 Secondary Production = Transformation output +/- Feedstocks Intermediate Consumption = Transformation Input + Final Energy Consumption of NACE Categories

Differences between the two concepts Energy Balances: Transport sectors defined functionally and displayed separately based on territory principle Energy Accounts: Energy consumption for transport allocated to individual sectors  part of sectoral energy consumption based on residence principle

Austrian energy balance 2015 Energy Accounts: part of sectoral consumption

Residence vs. Territory Principle Energy Accounts follow the residence principle: All energy commodities used by resident units are accounted for – on national territory and abroad Energy Balances follow the territorial principle: All energy commodities used on national territory – by residents and non-residents are accounted for. Corrections have to be made for energy commodities that are purchased by non-residents on national territory. These will be accounted for as exports in energy accounts. Analogically, energy commodities that are purchased abroad and used by resident units do constitute imports in energy accounts. Bridge Table

Bridge Table Austria EB/EA

Overview Case Austria Statistics Austria compiles the following energy statistics: Energy balances Energy Balances Energy accounts (national methodology) Energy Accounts Physical Energy Flow Accounts PEFA Data come from one source and are therefore comparable!

Energy Accounts in Austria - Basics Energy consumption data in Austria are mostly based on surveys: 2 y. Household Survey 1 y. Services Survey Industry Survey Data enter the Energy Balance and Energy Accounts /PEFA simultaneously but with different levels of aggregation – Surveys provide information on fuel consumption in transport. No extra transport survey! A few important energy companies are being contacted directly Material Input Statistics Small & middle businesses Use energy analysis Model of offroad diesel consumption in agriculture

Data specifics The following specifics have to be taken into account: Sales data (gasoline, diesel sales etc.) that enter the energy balance are based on the territorial principle (“top down approach”) Survey data collected in the household, services and industry survey reflect the residence principle (“bottom-up approach”) Using the differences between the “top down” and the “bottom up” approach can be used to determine the fuel consumption of residents abroad and the fuel consumption of non-residents on national territory.

Data specifics Fuel consumption of residents abroad Data can be used directly in the energy balance Data has to be adapted for energy accounts Data on national level, e.g. sales data, foreign trade data: Territorial Principle Fuel consumption of residents abroad Survey data, e.g. energy consumption in the services and industry sector, in households: Residence Principle Fuel consumption of non-residents on national territory Data can be used directly in the energy accounts Data has to be adapted for energy balances

Determination of values In detail, the following calculations are made: Fuel consumption of the industry/services sectors abroad is estimated by using the tonnes-km travelled abroad in relation to total tonnes-km. The allocation of fuel consumption to NACE sectors itself comes from the different surveys. Fuel consumption of households abroad is estimated by using km for holiday travels in relation to total km travelled per year.

Determination of values The difference between the fuel consumption indicated in the survey and the sales data is assumed to be consumed by non-residents. This quantity is part of “other land transport” in the energy balance and is part of exports in the energy accounts.

Further differences In Austrian energy statistics, there exists a further difference between the energy balance and energy accounts: in energy accounts, intra-establishment consumption is not considered. Intra-establishment consumption: products, that are produced in the same “spot” as they are used. E.g. black liquor.

Austrian Energy Accounts – National Methodology Residence Principle Transport included No intra-estblishment consumption

Differences between Energy Accounts and PEFA in AT PEFA mainly based on the Energy Accounts with adaptations made with respect to intra-establishment consumption and „Kind-of-activity-unit“ (KAU) approach. Energy Accounts PEFA › No intra-establishment ›Intra-establishment consumption consumption included › No KAU-principle › KAU-principle used

Compilation of the PEFA Questionnaire We start with table B.1: Primary production/intermediate consumption from energy accounts Excerpt: AT PEFA questionnaire 2016 with 2014 data Transformation input from energy balances

Compilation of the PEFA Questionnaire 2nd step - table B.2: Intermediate consumption from energy accounts – corresponding cell from table B.1 B as sum of B.1 and B.2

Compilation of the PEFA Questionnaire Secondary production from energy accounts + intraest. cons. from energy balances – feedstocks (where applicable) 3rd step – table A, Energy products:

Compilation of the PEFA Questionnaire 4th step – table A, Energy residuals: Energy losses = Total use from table B (= total supply in table A) energy incorporated in non- energy use energy products

Compilation of the PEFA Questionnaire 5th step – table C (emission-relevant use): In many cases, table C equals table B with respect to energy products. Exception, the transformation into other energy products e.g: hard coal that is transformed to coke. Emissions from the consumption of coke and of coke oven gas (that is a by-product of the coking process) are attributed to those two products in the different NACE sectors. Transformation losses are taken into account here. Therefore, hard coal in P08-C19 in table C is smaller than in table B. 6th step – table D (Key energy indicators): Calculated automatically

Compilation of the PEFA Questionnaire 7th step – table E (Bridge table): Based on tonnes-km for industry and services and on travel habits of households National airlines data Difference Data on outflow of fuel into foreign planes/vessels according to Eurostat DB

Summary Our data collections can be used for energy balances, energy accounts, SHARES and for the PEFA. Those statistics are all compiled using the same data and are therefore consistent Our surveys on energy consumption also ask for fuel consumption. This information enables us to compile the different statistics. The compilation of the PEFA-Questionnaire without the PEFA-Builder is useful and of better quality. Important: include Energy Statistics Unit in work!

Thank you for your attention! Please address queries to: Jasmin Guelden Sterzl Contact information: Guglgasse 13, 1110 Vienna phone: +43 (1) 71128-7235 fax: +43 (1) 711 28-8155 jasmin.guelden-sterzl@statistik.gv.at