Risk Factors For Heart Attack and Stroke © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Should I Worry about CVD? CVD is America's biggest killer—more than any other single cause of death, for both women and men. CVD reduces quality of life, causing chest pain, shortness of breath, internal organ damage, and in the form of hypertension, cognitive decline. CVD can begin in adolescence or childhood from waxy buildup in vessels caused by poor diet, lack of exercise, high body mass index, or early smoking. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cardiovascular Disease In the United States, Coronary Heart Disease accounts for approximately 30 percent of all premature deaths. Coronary Heart Disease is diagnosed when any artery is narrowed by 60% or more.

STROKE A condition occurring when the brain is damaged by a disrupted brain supply. It shares the same risk factors as Coronary Heart Disease. On average, someone suffers a stroke every 53 seconds, with someone dying every 3 minutes.

Cardiovascular Disease (2) Heart Disease is an acquired disease that is preventable. Americans as young as 18 have obstructions in their coronary arteries caused by atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis, characterized by plaque beneath artery linings, is responsible for 80% of Coronary Heart Disease deaths in the U.S.

Atherosclerosis

CVD Risk Factors You Cannot Control Heredity CVD in several generations increases risk greatly. Age 75% of heart attacks occur in people over age 65. Gender Men are at greater risk until age 60; women are at greater risk after menopause. Race African Americans are at higher risk. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Changeable Risk Factors Smoking Nicotine is a powerful stimulant that; Increases LDL and decreases HDL. Increases the oxygen requirement of cardiac muscle. Constricts blood vessels Produces irregular heart beats Increases the viscosity of the blood.

A certain amount of cholesterol is necessary for good health. There are several different types of fats in the bloodstream and Cholesterol is the most well known. Blood lipids are believed to contribute to the development of plaque around the arteries. Cholesterol

Good vs. Bad HDL – high-density lipo-protein is considered “the good cholesterol”. HDL picks up cholesterol and carries it to the liver, where it is eliminated. Regular exercise helps increase HDL’s. LDL – low-density lipo-protein carries a core of cholesterol that is involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Saturated fats and trans-fats raise the bloodstreams level of cholesterol.

Changeable Risk Factors High Cholesterol

Changeable Risk Factors Blood Pressure Blood pressure is the force exerted against artery walls as blood travels through the circulatory system. High blood pressure(hypertension) has no signs or symptoms. High blood pressure = 140/90 mmHg

Blood Pressure (2) Long-term uncontrolled hypertension increases the work of the heart, causes it to hypertrophy and leads to congestive heart failure. Hypertension damages the arteries, accelerates atherosclerosis and is the most important risk factor in strokes.

Treatment for High Blood Pressure Weight-loss Salt and alcohol restriction Aerobic exercise can reduce both systolic and diastolic pressures Aerobic exercise delays or prevents the onset of hypertension in people at risk.

Changeable Risk Factor Obesity Obesity increases risk factors for heart disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension and strokes. Fat that accumulates in the upper half of the body (central abdominal obesity) is significantly more likely to contribute to heart disease. A 5-10% weight-loss that is maintained can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease.

Changeable Risk Factors Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is a metabolic disorder, in which the body cannot properly use sugar (glucose) as fuel. Type 1 diabetes or Insulin dependant diabetes – the body does not produce insulin. Type II Diabetes or Non-insulin dependent diabetes – the pancreas produces insulin but the cells are resistant to it.

Type II Diabetes 80% of people with Type II diabetes are overweight or obese A majority of people with Type II Diabetes are sedentary Risk increases after the age 45 A Family history increases your risk for Type II Diabetes

Regular Physical Activity: Exercise and Diabetes Regular Physical Activity: Can help reduce body fat Decrease insulin resistance Improve insulin sensitivity Improve the body’s ability to clear sugar from the blood

Changeable Risk Factors Physical Inactivity As stated in the Cooper Study, low fit individuals are more likely to die prematurely from all cause mortality. Regular exercise decreases the risk factors for Heart Disease, Hypertension, Diabetes, High Cholesterol , strokes and some cancers.

Cardiorespiratory Endurance Cardiorespiratory endurance is the ability to take in, deliver, and extract oxygen for physical work. Also called aerobic capacity Maximum oxygen consumption AEROBIC MEANS “WITH OXYGEN” For health, this is the most important component of physical fitness.

Hypokinetic Diseases Hypo- means under or too little Kinetic- means movement or activity Thus, hypokinetic means – too little activity A hypokinetic disease or condition is associated with lack of physical activity or too little regular exercise. Examples include: heart disease, low back pain, and Type II Diabetes.

Benefits of Cardiorespiratory Endurance Exercise Metabolism Reduced Risk of Chronic Disease Cardiovascular Diseases Cancer Type 2 Diabetes Osteoporosis Deaths from All Causes Better Control of Body Fat Improved immune Function Improved Psychological and Emotional Well- Being

Developing a Cardiorespiratory Endurance Program ACSM Guidelines 3-5 days a week 20-60 minutes Moderate to high heart rate

Target Heart Rate Determining Estimate your maximum heart rate (MHR) 220 – your age = MHR Multiply your MHR by selecting an appropriate range of 65% - 90% Example: 19-year-old MHR = 220 – 19 = 201 65% training intensity = 0.65 X 201 = 131 bpm 90% training intensity = 0.90 X 201 = 181 bpm

Changeable Risk Factor Stress Stress elevates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and blood sugar levels, activates the immune response and causes other physiological changes. Chronic (long-term) stress significantly strains the body.

Metabolic Syndrome and Risk Factors © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.