Packet 13: Diversity of Kingdoms Notes: pg. 1-2 Bacteria

Bacteria Belong to two kingdoms: Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Eubacteria

Bacteria Prokaryotic cells which mean NO nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Remember!! PRO = NO

Common Bacteria Structure Unicellular Circular shaped DNA called a plasmid.

Bacteria Bacteria move with the help of flagella.

Bacteria Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Bacteria Reproduce through binary fission. Remember! Since there is NO nucleus, the process of cell division is much more simple than mitosis and the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

Benefits of Bacteria: Decomposition Help break down dead or organic matter to recycle back into the ecosystem.

Benefits of Bacteria Nitrogen Fixation Convert nitrogen gas into a usable form for plants

Benefits of Bacteria Producing insulin. Human gene for making insulin can be inserted into genome of bacteria to produce insulin-producing bacteria. Think back to Packet 11 

Benefits of Bacteria Aid in food production.

Chemotaxis: The movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. Negative: away from stimulus Moving way from a harmful substance Positive: towards stimulus Moving towards a food source

Notes: Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance (pg. 2) Pathogen: Disease causing agent

Virus A non-living structure that attacks the host cells of living things. Have DNA but require a host cell to reproduce.

Treatments Vaccine: preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen or inactivated toxin. When injected into the body, a vaccine prompts the body to produce immunity to a specific disease.

Immunity: the body’s ability to destroy pathogens. Active Immunity: exposure to a live pathogen and developing antibodies to fight the pathogen. Ex. vaccine Passive Immunity: transfer of antibodies from the mother. Ex: Breast milk

Why do you need a flu shot each year? Bacteria and viruses have very high reproductive rates, which result in many mutations. Thus, bacteria and viruses evolve quickly, often requiring a different vaccine every year.

Antibiotic: Blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria (ex. Penicillin) Can only be used for bacterial infections.

Bacterial Resistance Over time, some strains of bacteria have become resistant to common antibiotics (ex. Penicillin) and disinfectants (ex. Antibacterial soap and hand sanitizer).

Bacterial Resistance Some bacteria are naturally resistant to the effect of disinfectants. Over time due to natural selection, the resistant bacteria continue to survive and reproduce and cannot be killed by the treatments. This has been blamed on overuse of antibiotics and disinfectants.

Bacterial Resistance

Bacterial Resistance Superbugs, such as MRSA, are resistant to multiple groups of antibiotics.

Bacteria Review: Complete Ch. 20.2 and 20.3 review questions on pg. 9 and 10 in your packet. You may use the textbook to help you answer each question. (Page numbers are on your packet)