Independence and Nationalists Movements, 1789-1900

I. Latin America The ideas of the Enlightenment and French Revolution eventually found their way to American colonies Social classes divided Latin America Peninsulares – people born in Spain, could hold high government positions Creoles – Spaniards born in Latin America, could achieve high positions in army Above 2 groups controlled land, wealth, power in colonies Mestizos – people of mixed European and Indian ancestry Mulattos – people of mixed European and African ancestry Enslaved Africans Indians (Native Americans)

I. Continued… Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government Haiti Originally a French colony called Saint-Dominigue First Latin American territory to free itself African slaves rose up in revolt Toussaint L’Oeverture – led and freed all enslaved Africans Was captured and jailed by the French Haiti went on to declare its independence in 1804 Venezuela Led by a Creole military leader, Simon Bolivar Declared independence in 1811, but would not be completely free until 1821

I. Continued… Other Spanish colonies Mexico Brazil (Portuguese colony) Bolivar teamed up with another Creole military leader, Jose de San Martin Defeated Spanish in many battles – freed Panama, Ecuador, Columbia, Peru, Chile, Argentina Mexico Independence movement originally began by lower classes (mestizos, Indians), but opposed by upper classes (creoles) Miguel Hidalgo – priest that called for peasant rebellion By 1820, Creoles feared liberal changes in Spain, declared independence (1821) in order to prevent loss of land, wealth Brazil (Portuguese colony) Won independence with a bloodless revolution

I. Continued… LATIN AMERICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS LATIN AMERICA PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

II. Nationalists Revolutions in Europe While fighting between nations virtually stopped in early part of 1800s, internal fighting increased Political belief systems clash Conservative – called for more traditional government (monarchy) Liberal – give more power to elected parliaments, only educated and landowners could vote Radical – wanted to extend rights/vote to all people, believed in Liberty, Equality, and Brotherhood Nationalism takes hold People’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share common culture and history Nation-state – when a nation has its own independent government

II. Continued… Throughout Europe, nationalism was challenging various political systems and created revolutionary movements Greek Independence (1830) Long controlled by the Ottomans French, British, Russian forces helped Greece establish independence Revolutions of 1830s Many nations experience upheaval (Netherlands, Austria, Poland) Most were put down by conservative-led military forces 1848 Revolutions Throughout Europe, ethnic uprisings occurred (Ex: Hungary, Czechoslovakia) These revolutions failed to unite, though, because of internal fighting between political factions

II. Continued… France (Part II, The Revolution Strikes Back) France had been returned to a monarchy after Congress of Vienna King Louis-Philippe ruled for 18 years, but became unpopular Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon III) seized power and continued liberal reforms of first revolution Welcomed as a force for long-term change/prosperity