Challenges to the Church Unintended Consequences From the Renaissance?

Objectives Students will analyze factors that encouraged the Protestant Reformation. Students will analyze the changes in European thought and culture resulting from the Renaissance.

Vocabulary indulgences: pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime diet: assembly or legislature; assembly of Princes predestination: Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation theocracy: government run by religious leaders

Coming of the Reformation Unrest and uncertainty large part of Northern Europeans’ lives Change in traditional economies; traditional society Humanism: find ways to understand forces of their lives Biggest force in daily life: the Church

Church: Issues Catholic church becoming more concerned with worldly issues Competing with Italian princes for control and influence Popes and clergy living comfortable lives Corruption: Selling indulgences to the wealthy Until 1400 - only granted for good deeds; after available to be bought Caused anger and frustration, especially in the North Printing press and Erasmus ➙ fuel to the fire

Martin Luther Disillusioned with the church as a Monk and professor 1517: Wittenberg, Germany - Johann Tetzel offering sale of indulgences for individuals and family Luther drafted 95 Theses (arguments) to refute the right of priests or the church as a whole against indulgences No basis in the Bible; Christians could be saved only through faith

Spread of Luther’s Word Copies of Luther’s protest were printed and distributed across Europe Stirred debate Church demanded Luther recant his views Luther refused and developed even more radical doctrines - rejecting authority from Rome

Outlaw or Hero? 1521: Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther Charles V summoned Luther to the diet to demand he give up his views; Luther refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw; a crime to give him food or shelter Luther still had many friends and supporters; support grew

Luther’s Movement New ideas spread quickly throughout the land Many denouncements of the Church abuses and the hypocrisy that was seen Lutherans became Protestants At the grassroots level: Change of peasants life (Peasants Revolt - 1524) For many German Princes: opportunity to throw off rule by Church and Holy Roman Emperor

Peace of Augsburg (1555) Charles V tried to force princes back into the church Resulted in wars - costly Peace of Augsburg allowed princes to decide religion for themselves North: Protestant; South: Catholic

Switzerland Reformation John Calvin: French priest who shared many ideas with Luther Differed slightly in the idea of predestination World was separated into two kinds of people: saints and sinners Calvinists believed that saved individuals were the only ones who could live good Christian lives

Calvinism Spreads Led to establishing a theocracy in Geneva Calvinism spreads to France, Germany, England and Scotland Sets off numerous wars across Europe Between Catholics and Protestants; Protestants and Calvinists; Among them all

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