Chapter 16 Section 5 Europe & Japan in Ruins Objective: Compare postwar governments in Europe & Japan Vocabulary: Nuremberg Trials, Demilitarization, & Democratization

Setting the Stage After 6 long years of war, the Allies were finally victorious WWII caused more deaths & destruction than any other conflict in history Over 60 million people were killed Another 50 million were uprooted from their homes & wandered the countryside in search of somewhere to live Property damage ran into billions of U.S. Dollars 1/3 of the deaths were from the Soviet Union Why would people be uprooted from their homes?

Devastation in Europe 40 million Europeans had died, 2/3rds of them were civilians Constant bombing & shelling had reduced hundreds of cities to rubble Millions of people were now homeless 27 Million

A Harvest of Destruction Cities like London & Warsaw were completely destroyed In 1939, Warsaw had 1.3 million citizens by the end of the war it only had 153,000 citizens 95% of Berlin was demolished by Allied bombing Many cities had no water, no electricity, & very little food Europeans wandered across Europe, hoping to find their families or to find a safe place to live Holocaust survivors find themselves in a different country Others looking for their family members

Misery Continues After the War Many civilians found they were now in different countries when postwar treaties changed national borders The misery in Europe continued for years after the war Thousands died as famine & disease spread throughout the destroyed cities The first winter was the toughest as people went without shoes & coats

Postwar Governments & Politics Europeans often blamed their leaders for the war & its aftermath Some countries returned to their prewar governments Others like Germany & Italy did not return to old leadership ways Communism began to spread however after some violent strikes their influence began to decline Belgium, Holland, Denmark & Norway were fine France also didn’t return to old way, since their government collaborated with the nazis

The Nuremberg Trials During 1945 to 1946, an International Military Tribunal representing 23 nations put Nazi war criminals on trial – Nuremberg Trials 22 Nazi leaders were charged with waging a war of aggression Nazi leaders were also accused of committing “crimes against humanity” What crime against humanity did they commit? The murder of 11 million people.

The Nuremberg Trials Hitler, Himmler, & Goebbels committed suicide before the trials began Goring will be sentenced to death but will also commit suicide 10 Nazi leaders were hanged on October 16th 1946 The bodies of those executed were burned at the concentration camp of Dachau Goebbels became the new chancellor for a day Killed himself as well as his wife and 6 kids Hans Frank will be the only one to show remorse “A thousand years will pass & still this guilt of Germany will not have been erased”

Postwar Japan The defeat suffered by Japan in World War II left the country in ruins 2 million lives had been lost Major cities like Tokyo were ruined by bombing raids Hiroshima & Nagasaki were blackened wastelands

Occupied Japan General Douglas MacArthur took charge of U.S. occupation of Japan Demilitarization: disbanding the Japanese armed forces MacArthur also began bringing war criminals to trial Democratization: process of creating a government elected by the people The Japanese empire became a constitutional monarchy 7 military leaders were condemned to hang

Occupation Brings Deep Changes Emperor Hirohito had to declare to the Japanese people he was not divine The Emperor became a figurehead like Great Britain’s ruler People over the age of 20 now had the right to vote Japan was also unable to wage war but they can fight if attacked The United States & Japan became allies This included women Occupation lasted for 6 months