1. Europe and Japan in Ruins Ch. 32, Section 5 Advanced World History Adkins

2. Setting the Stage World War II – 6 years – 60 million dead (more death and destruction than any other conflict in history) 2/3 of all dead were civilians 1/3 of all deaths were in Soviet Union – 50 million were without a home – Property Damage – Billions of dollars

3. Harvest of Destruction Some major cities were left undamaged, but many were in ruins. London had many areas of town in ruins Warsaw, Poland was almost completely destroyed (at beginning of war, Warsaw had a population of 1.3 million – by January 1945, only 153,000 remained) 95% of Berlin, Germany was demolished Many people took to the roads to find a new home (refugees) – especially survivors of the concentration camps

4. Misery Continues After the War Thousands died as famine and disease spread throughout bombed-out cities.

5. Postwar Governments and Politics The governments of many European countries returned, but not Germany, Italy, and France. Initially, communist memberships increased in these countries, however, after some violent communist revolts, these memberships declined again  Nobody wanted another war.

6. Nuremberg Trials International Military Tribunal  “Crimes Against Humanity” – 10 Nazi leaders were found guilty and hanged on October 16, 1946. An additional Nazi committed suicide before he could be executed. One Nazi was given a life sentence. – These men were cremated in the same oven that had burned so many of their victims.

7. Postwar Japan 2 million dead Major cities destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki Colonial Empire dismantled MacArthur took control of occupation of Japan – Demilitarization – disbanding the Japanese armed forces – War criminals were put on trial and punished – Democratization – process of creating a government elected by the people – MacArthur and his advisors drew up a new constitution  constitutional monarchy – Helped redistribute land to help economy

8. Occupation Brings Deep Changes Most significant achievement of the occupation was the new constitution Under new constitution, the emperor had to admit he was not divine  he basically became a figurehead (like Great Britain) Parliament was elected = the Diet – Led by Prime Minister, who was chosen by the majority of the Diet Bill of Rights Article 9 – Japan could no longer make war – they could fight only if attacked.

9. End of Occupation Sept 1951 – Peace Treaty was signed that officially ended the war 6 months later, we pulled out of Japan. However, due to the fact that Japan had only a small police force, the U.S. continued to have a military presence there. Japan and U.S. = Friends U.S. and USSR ?