Bolland Hybrid power production systems – integrated solutions Olav Bolland Professor Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) KIFEE-Symposium, Kyoto, November 15-17, 2004 Materials and Processes for Environment and Energy KIFEE symposium

Power production in Norway National grid: 99.5% hydropower 27000 MW - 120 TWh/a Per capita: 6 kW - 27000 kWh/a Offshore oil/gas: mechanical power and local grids 3000 MW gas turbine power - 10 TWh/a Future: Wind power: 2002-2010 +3 TWh/a More hydropower: potential YES acceptance NO Natural gas power: potential YES problem is CO2 CO2 is a hot issue!! Dependence on import of coal & nuclear power?

Power related research at NTNU Grid and production optimisation: Scandinavian electricity market Hydropower technology 1) pumping turbines 2) small-scale turbines Wind power PV – material technology Fuel cells – PEM and SOFC Biomass gasification combined with gas engines and SOFC Natural gas optimal operation of gas turbines (oil/gas production) NOx emissions CO2 capture and storage

Hybrid power production systems – integrated solutions Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) integrated with a Gas Turbine Potential for very high fuel-to-electricity efficiency Cogeneration of Hydrogen and Power, with CO2 capture using hydrogen-permeable membrane Power generation with CO2 capture using oxygen-transport membrane Examples where advanced material technology is the key to improved energy conversion technologies

SOFC/GT Solid Oxide Fuel Cell integrated in Gas Turbine Part-load and off-design performance Control strategies Dynamic performance EXHAUST Natural gas SOFC model RECIRCULATION PreReformer SOFC AIR Anode Generator REMAINING FUEL DC/ AC Afterburner Cathode AIR Turbine Air Compressor AIR

SOFC model Bolland KIFEE symposium This is the model presented at the 6th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum in Lucerne earlier this year. Prereformer, mixer, splitter and afterburner are nondimensional. Radiative heat exchange between prereformer and cell. Adjusted by a shape factor to meet 30 % prereforming in the Design case. 1D gas flows in SOFC 2D discretisation in cell solid Constant Nu-numbers for convective heat transfer Anode, cathode and electrolyte are treated as one single material with mixed properties Dynamic model implemented in gPROMS Pressure varies linearly with air flow. KIFEE symposium

Temperature Distribution Modelling of the Temperature Distribution Gas streams are modelled in 1D Solid is modelled in 2D Fuel Air r Anode Electrolyte Cathode Air supply tube

Mass balance and reaction kinetics Fuel Air r Anode Electrolyte Cathode Air supply tube

Electrochemistry and losses Bolland Fuel Air r Anode Electrolyte Cathode Air supply tube 3TB = 3-Phase Boundary b = bulk act = Activation polarisation Ohmic losses by Kemal Nisancioglu – Nasty expression!!! KIFEE symposium

Overall system model Heat exchange between prereformer and anode surface Prereformer is modelled as a Gibbs reactor EXHAUST Natural gas Thermal inertia and gas residence times included in the heat exchanger models RECIRCULATION PreReformer SOFC AIR Anode Generator REMAINING FUEL DC/ AC Afterburner Cathode AIR Turbine Air Compressor AIR Map-based turbine model High-frequency generator Shaft mass inertia accounted for Map-based compressor model

Line of operation for load change Performance maps with optimised line of operation according to a given criteria Line of operation for load change

Dynamic performance of SOFC/GT Bolland Air delivery tube Air inlet Air outlet Cathode air Cathode, Electrolyte, Anode Fuel inlet KIFEE symposium

CO2 capture and storage what are the possibilities? Source: Draft IPCC report ’CO2 capture and storage’

Membrane reforming reactor Idea

Membrane reforming reactor principle Hot exhaust Exhaust Heat transfer surface Q high pressure Feed: CH4, H2O CH4+H2O  CO+3H2 Hydrogen lean gas out (H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, H2) CO+H2O  CO2+H2 Membrane permeate Q H2 Sweep gas (H2O) Sweep gas + H2 (+CO2, CO, CH4) low pressure

Membrane reforming reactor in a Combined Cycle with CO2-capture Products: Power and Hydrogen CO2/steam turbine CO2 to compression SF Q 67 bar MSR-H2 Condenser H2 H2O PRE HRSG Exhaust H2 as GT fuel C Condenser 1328 °C H2 for external use ST Air Gas Turbine Generator NG Source: Kvamsdal, Maurstad, Jordal, and Bolland, "Benchmarking of gas-turbine cycles with CO2 capture", GHGT-7, 2004

High-temperature membrane for oxygen production Compression N2 Heat exchange N2 Cryogenic Distillation O2 O2 Air Air Air Oxygen transport membrane O2 Air Oxygen depleted air

Membrane technology application in GT with CO2 capture Ion-transport membrane (O2) in reformer H2 selective membrane in water/gas-shift reactor

Thank you!