Internet and the world wide web (www)

HISTORY OF THE INTERNET The first prototype of the Internet came in the late 1960s with the creation of ARPANET, or the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. Originally funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, the 1970s after scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, a communications model that set standards for how data could be transmitted between multiple networks. ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1, 1983, and from there researchers began to assemble the “network of networks” that became the modern Internet. The online world then took on a more recognizable form in 1990, when computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web.

Internet Services An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned. Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.

Internet Services cont. WWW (World Wide Web) Electronic Mail (E-mail) News groups File transfer protocol (FTP) Internet relay Chat (IRC) telnet Voice and Video communication( e.g. skype) Social Networks (Facebook, Skype) Web hosting Wikipedia Search Engines.

World Wide Web (WWW) WWW is a graphical hypertext way of using the Internet using the HTTP protocol for transmitting Web pages and other information over the Internet, in principle, between the server and the user's computer. Web pages are written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) language, and recognizes them for this purpose designed browser (Internet Explorer, Firefox, ...). Service provides hypertext links between documents and combined display of text, images, sound and video, that enables the integration of different information content. Hypertext is a document or a system with related text units according to the principle shown in the following figure.

Uses of the Internet Electronic mail Research. Downloading files. Discussion groups. Interactive games. Education and self-improvement. Friendship and dating. Electronic newspapers and magazines. Job-hunting. Shopping.

Hypertext Markup Language HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages. HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language HTML describes the structure of Web pages using markup HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages(web pages) Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the content of the page

Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, HTTP is a set of standards that allow users of the World Wide Web to exchange information found on web pages. When accessing any web page entering http:// in front of the address tells the browser to communicate over HTTP. For example, the URL for Computer Hope is https://www.mciu.edu.ng. Today's browsers no longer require HTTP in front of the URL since it is the default method of communication. However, it is kept in browsers because of the need to separate protocols such as FTP.

Website A site or website is a central location of various web pages that are all related and can be accessed by visiting the home page using a browser.

Web Page Web page is a document commonly written in Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) that is accessible through the Internet or other network using an Internet browser. A web page is accessed by entering a URL address and may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to other web pages and files.

URL A URL (Uniform Resource Locator), provides a way to locate a resource on the web, the hypertext system that operates over the internet. The URL contains the name of the protocol to be used to access the resource and a resource name. The first part of a URL identifies what protocol to use. The second part identifies the IP address or domain name where the resource is located. For example, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.htm

Web Search Engine Search engine is a service that allows Internet users to search for content via the World Wide Web (WWW). A user enters keywords or key phrases into a search engine and receives a list of Web content results in the form of websites, images, videos or other online data. The list of content returned via a search engine to a user is known as a search engine results page (SERP). Examples of web search engines are google, Microsoft Bing, yahoo, Ask etc

Web Browser A web browser is a software program that allows a user to locate, access, and display web pages. In common usage, a web browser is usually shortened to "browser." Browsers are used primarily for displaying and accessing websites on the Internet, as well as other content created using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Common examples of web browsers are Mozilla, safari, opera, Microsoft edge etc.

Types of Websites Informational (science direct) Educational (Wikihow) Online social Network (Facebook) E-commerce (Jumia) Blog (Lindaikeji) News (Guardian newspaper)

Assignment What is the difference between a web search engine and a web browser. Give two example each.