Large-Area Micro-pore Photo-sensors Henry-Frisch Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago Constantinos Melachrinos (grad student) (idea of Howard Nicholson) 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Large-Area Micro-pore Photo-sensors OUTLINE Basic ideas- small characteristic size, homogeneity, scalability, integrated low-power cheap electronics. Parameters tuneable to application- space/time resolution, occupancy, readout deadtime, cost. Status and proposed time-line for development? Typical expected performance Application to a water Cherenkov counter (also to Liquid Argon?) Possible Opportunities: `Hermetic’- close to 100% coverage? Reduced cost of PM’s for same volume More opportunities for cavern aspect ratio/ fiducial volume Robustness against pressure, magnetic field? Tracking detector- possible track/vertex reconstruction? Sign determination (weak field)?? 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Large-Area Micro-pore Photo-sensors WHAT THIS IS NOT A proposal for an alternative to the baseline detector A mature collection of thoughts A description of a well-understood technology A plan with a schedule and resource requirements Any attempt to get in the way of making DUSEL real. WHAT THIS IS A response to new R&D on large-area psec photo-detectors started for collider applications and PET, and enabled by new developments in front-end electronics. An investigation into a possible application of large-area fast photo-detectors to a high-priority US project. An exploration of the parameter space for water Cherenkov neutrino detectors- coverage, resolution,.. An effort that would have a lot of spin-offs for society. 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Why has 100 psec been the # for 60 yrs? Typical path lengths for light and electrons are set by physical dimensions of the light collection and amplifying device. These are now on the order of an inch. One inch is 100 psec. That’s what we measure- no surprise! (pictures from T. Credo) Typical Light Source (With Bounces) Typical Detection Device (With Long Path Lengths) 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Solving the Small/large Problem RF Transmission Lines as anodes Small features for amplification- `Homogeneous’ Large transverse size for readout is pulse shape-preserving Readout both ends of transmission lines Work on leading edge- ringing not a problem for this fine segmentation 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Characteristics we need Feature size <~ 300 microns (= 1 psec at c) Homogeneity (ability to make uniform large-area- think amorphous semicndtr solar-panel) Fast rise-time and/or constant signal shape Lifetime/robustness/simplicity Cost/unit-area << that for photo-multipliers 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

An Explanation of what follows I’ve been driven by wanting to follow flavor-flow in colliders- most of our work has been focused on that geometry- light made in window by a relativistic particle, ~30 photo-electrons, goal of <= 1 psec timing. You’ll see most results for this regime- have to scale back to single photons Haven’t thought much at all about applying this to neutrino detectors- Howard Nicholson suggested it while listening to a talk. Hence this workshop. Note- good time and space resolution come naturally in this design- get 3D (`tomographic’) info by design. 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Detector Development- 3 Prongs 1. Electronics- have settled on wave-form sampling Already demonstrated by Breton, Delanges,Ritt, and Varner- many `pieces’ exist, main change is going to faster process and pooling expertise. Reasonable precision (see talk at Lyon by Genat)- few psec with present rise times, ~1 with faster MCP design. Gives much more than time- space, pileup, etc. (Tang Lyon talk) 2. MCP development- techniques and facilities (probably) exist- ALD, anodic alumina--will require industry, natl labs, 3. Simulation – Electronics simulation in good shape Rudimentary `end-to-end’ MCP device simulation exists- starting up with commercial packages (SimIon, CPO, …) Validation with laser teststand and beam line started 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors GOAL: to Develop Large-Area Photo-detectors with Psec Time and mm SpaceResolution Too small- can go larger- (But how does multiplication work- field lines?) From Argonne MSD ALD web page- can we make cheap (relatively) ultra-fast planar photo-detector modules? 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Use Cherenkov light - fast Generating the signal for relativistic particles (HEP, nuclear, astro, accelerator- but different for neutrinos) Incoming rel. particle Use Cherenkov light - fast Custom Anode Present work is with commercial MCP’s: e.g. Burle/Photonis Planicons. Expensive (!), hard to get, little flexibility. BUT- it works. And well. 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Design Goals Colliders: ~ 1 psec resolution, < 100K$/m2 Neutrino H2O: ~100 psec resolution, < 1K$/m2 PET: ~ 30 psec resolution, < 20% of crystal cost Micro-photograph of Burle 25 micron tube- Greg Sellberg (Fermilab)- ~2M$/m2- not including readout 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Proof of Principle Camden Ertley results using ANL laser-test stand and commercial Burle 25-micron tube- lots of photons (note- pore size may matter less than current path!- we can do better with ALD custom designs (transmission lines)) 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Understanding the contributing factors to 6 psec resolutions with present Burle/Photonis/Ortec setups- Jerry Vavra’s Numbers TTS: 3.8 psec (from a TTS of 27 psec) Cos(theta)_cherenk 3.3 psec Pad size 0.75 psec Electronics 3.4 psec 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

`Photo-multiplier in a Pore’ Idea is to build a PMT structure inside each pore- have a defined dynode chain of rings of material with high secondary emissivity so that the start of the shower has a controlled geometry (and hence small TTS) One problem is readout- how do you cover a large area and preserve the good timing? Proposed solution- build anode into pores, capacitively couple into transmission lines to preserve pulse shape. 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Psec Large-area Micro-Channel Plate Panel (MCPP)- LDRD proposal to ANL (with Mike Pellin/MSD) N.B.- this is a `cartoon’- working on workable designs-join us… Front Window and Radiator Photocathode Pump Gap High Emissivity Material Low Emissivity Material `Normal’ MCP pore material Gold Anode 50 Ohm Transmission Line Rogers PC Card 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Capacitive Pickup to Sampling Readout

Get position AND time Anode Design and Simulation(Fukun Tang) Transmission Line- readout both ends=> pos and time Cover large areas with much reduced channel account. 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Photonis Planicon on Transmission Line Board Couple 1024 pads to strip-lines with silver-loaded epoxy (Greg Sellberg, Fermilab). 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Photonis Planicon on Transmission Line Board Ed May, Jean-Francois Genat- a week ago… Left: laser on one spot; Right: laser then moved over 10 mm and plots superposed. (3.1 psec/count- last week) 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Comparison of measurements (Ed May and Jean-Francois Genat and simulation (Fukun Tang) Transmission Line- simulation shows 3.5GHz bandwidth- 100 psec rise (well-matched to MCP) The time difference yields a velocity of 64ps/cm against 68ps predicted

Scaling Performance to Large Area Anode Simulation(Fukun Tang) 48-inch Transmission Line- simulation shows 1.1 GHz bandwidth- still better than present electronics. 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Front-end Electronics Critical path item- probably the reason psec detectors haven’t been developed We had started with very fast BiCMOS designs- IBM 8HP-Tang designed two (really pretty) chips Realized that they are too power-hungry and too ‘boutique’ for large-scale applications Have been taught by Gary Varner, Stefan Ritt, Eric DeLanges, and Dominique Breton that there’s a more clever and elegant way- straight CMOS – sampling onto an array of capacitors Have formed a collaboration to do this- have all the expert groups involved (formal with Hawaii and France)- see talks by Tang and Jean-Francois at Lyon 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

FY-08 Funds –Chicago Anode Design and Simulation (Fukun Tang) 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Front-end Electronics Wave-form sampling does well- CMOS (!) 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Front-end Electronics- Schedule Collaboration with ANL, UC,Hawaii, Orsay, Saclay, and advise and wisdom and parts from PSI => have all 4 sampling groups. J-F in France now with them. Have proposed 3 ½ year schedule for completion of 0.13 micron 40-GS/sec ASIC for collider and other relativistic particle applications. Present chips probably adequate for neutrino application- don’t need few psec resolution- have new PSI DRS4 on its way to UC now; chips from all gps in use in running experiments Needs a needs assessment- but no show stoppers... 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Modus Operandi so far In Nov. 2005, we had our 1st workshop- idea was to invite folks working or interested in related subjects- didn’t know many (most) of them Have developed tools and knowledge- also contact with pioneers and practictioners (Ohshima, Howorth, Va’vra,…; Breton, Delanges, Ritt, Varner) Development clearly too big for one group- devices, electronics, applications- have worked collaboratively with each other, national labs (see talks by Karen, Andrew,Jerry,…), and industry (Burle/Photonis, Photek, IBM,…) 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Development of the Device Started effort with ANL HEP, Materials Science, and Energy Systems Divisions Have started investigating AAO using facilities of Center for Nano-scale Materials Hau Wang (ANL/MSD) First try- not final pores or final process… but shows what they can do quick.. 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Development of the Device Schedule- working on making a resource-loaded schedule Workshop at end of February dedicated to device development Idea is to have a preliminary plan by end of workshop real plan by early summer Do relativistic particle, single-photon, and PET in parallel until paths diverge. My hope is that it’s 3-4 years. 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Application to a water Cherenkov Counter- effect on the physics 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Application to a water Cherenkov Counter- effect on the physics What does coverage buy ? What does spatial resolution in x-y buy? Can x-y-z resolution allow track reconstruction? Can x-y-z resolution allow pizero-electron sep? Can one get momentum from multiple scattering? What are the trade-offs in geometry if you have robust (pressure-resistant) detectors? (Mayly) What haven’t we thought of? (e.g. magnetic field for sign determination). 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Schedule and Milestones (?) Small (1”) AAO with pores- started (Hau) Same with ALD- tests of gain Same with photo-cathode and anode- laser tests 2” x 6” AAO with pores Same with photo-cathode and anode Same with sampling chip readout (chip started) 8” x 8” (or so- a “floor-tile”)- same steps In parallel of latter, commercialization (NDA signed). 4 years??? Depends on talent, resources, investment- many details- but many indications it’s possible. 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Thank you 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors My Questions This Time-I Note- many questions from previous workshops have been answered! What is the electric field geometry in the MCP pore? (what are bulk and surface resistivities? ). What is the response of a nano-carbon film to 200 eV electrons? (photons?) After the first strike, can the pore be straight? If one uses diamond (e.g.), do you really need fewer strikes? 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors My Questions This Time-II Note- many questions from previous workshops have been answered! Other ways to make pores- e.g. Pierre Jarron’s developments? Who makes big photocathodes? (Pioneer?) Who is interested in learning how to make big photocathodes for fast timing? Is there a simulation of the internal workings of photo-cathodes out there somewhere? 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

My Questions This Time-III Can we get a serious simulation effort of the MCP functions started (collab with Lyon?)? Funding from NSF Computing, SBIR, a a a a a European agency? Are there MCP simulations already out there? Can we find a Materials Science group with students, postdocs, etc. to work with us? 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Simulation and Measurement Have started a serious effort on simulation to optimize detectors and integrated electronics Use laser test-stands and MTEST beam to develop and validate understanding of individual contributions- e.g. Npe, S/N, spectral response, anode to input characteristics,… Parallel efforts in simulating sampling electronics (UC, Hawaii) and detectors (UC,Saclay, Tom Roberts/Muons.inc). 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Argonne Laser Lab Measure Dt between 2 MCP’s (i.e root2 times s); no corr for elect. Results: 408nm 7.5ps at ~50 photoelectrons Results: 635nm 18.3ps at ~50 photoelectrons 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Work in Progress Our way of proceding- use laser test-stand for development, validation of simulation- then move to testbeam for comparison with simulation with beam. Changes to electronics readout Add Ritt and/or Varner sampling readouts (interleave 10 GS) –in works First test via SMA; then integrate chips onto boards? Development of 40 GS CMOS sampling in IBM 8RF (0.13micron)- proposal in draft (ANL, Chicago, Hawaii, Orsay, Saclay) Changes to the MCPs 10um pore MCPs (two in hand) Transmission-line anodes (low inductance- matched)- in hand Reduced cathode-MCP_IN MCP_OUT-anode gaps- ordered ALD module with integrated anode and capacitive readout- proposed (ANL-LDRD) 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Psec Large-area Micro-Channel Plate Panel (MCPP)- LDRD proposal to ANL (with Mike Pellin/MSD) Front Window and Radiator Photocathode Pump Gap High Emissivity Material Low Emissivity Material `Normal’ MCP pore material Gold Anode 50 Ohm Transmission Line Rogers PC Card 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Capacitive Pickup to Sampling Readout

FY-08 Funds –Chicago Anode Design and Simulation (Fukun Tang) 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Jerry’s #’s re-visited : Solutions to get to <several psec resolution. TTS: 3.8 psec (from a TTS of 27 psec) MCP development- reduce TTS- smaller pores, smaller gaps, filter chromaticity, ANL atomic-deposition dynodes and anodes. Cos(theta)_cherenk 3.3 psec Same shape- spatial distribution (e.g. strips measure it) 3. Pad size 0.75 psec- Transmission-line readout and shape reconstruction 4. Electronics 3.4 psec – fast sampling- should be able to get < 1psec (simulation) 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Muon Cooling position/time station design- LDRD (ANL) proposal H.Frisch Cartoon drawings showing the custom atomic-layer disposition, the small pores, and the custom anode configuration (left) and our proposed module frame (right) 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Summary Next step is to make anodes that give both position and time- hope is few mm and << 10 psec resolutions. This would allow systems of (say) 6” by 6” size with ~100 channels- good first step. Muon cooling is a nice first application of psec tof- not to big, very important, savings of money. We have made a number of false starts and wrong turns (e.g. the IBM bipolar 200 GHz electronics), but the fundamentals look good- don’t see a hard limit yet. Have formed an international community- 2 workshops per year (France and Chicago)- includes companies (Photonis, Photek, IBM) Work to be done specifically for muon cooling- specify a system. Will be easier after testing next round of anodes. Also needs the sampling chips. 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors K-Pi Separation over 1.5m Assumes perfect momentum resolution (time res is better than momentum res!) 1 Psec 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Engineering Highlights F.Tang (UChicago) designed Voltage Control Oscillator using IBM 0.13um SiGe BiCMOS8HP More challenging - Time Stretcher chip (including ultra low timing jitter/walk discriminator & dual-slope ramping time stretching circuits etc.) From simulations, accuracy not good enough (5-10 psecs) F.Tang Power concerns NEW: Invented 2 new schemes - a) Multi-threshold comparators, b) 50 GHz 64-channel waveform sampling. Both schemes give energy and leading edge time. Current plan: Save waveform and use multiple thresholds to digitize. Use CMOS (J.F. Genat, UChicago) Dec meeting at UChicago with UChicago, ANL, Saclay, LBL & Hawaii, IBM and Photonis 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

MCP Best Results Previous Measurements: Jerry Va’vra SLAC (Presented at Chicago Sep 2007) Upper Limit on MCP-PMT resolution: s MCP-PMT ~ 5 ps Takayoshi Ohshima of University of Nagoya (Presented at SLAC Apr 2006) Reached a s MCP-PMT ~ 6.2ps in test beam Using two 10 um MCP hole diameter PiLAS red laser diode (635 nm) 1cm Quartz radiator (Npe ~ 50) Burle/Photonis MCP-PMT 85012-501 (64 pixels, ground all pads except one) Use 2 identical 6 micron TOF detectors in beam (Start & Stop) Beam resolution with qtz. Radiator (Npe ~ 50) 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors R&D of MCP-PMT Devices We are exploring a psec-resolution TOF system using micro-channel plates (MCP's) incorporating: A source of light with sub-psec jitter, in this case Cherenkov light generated at the MCP face (i.e. no bounces): Different thicknesses of Quartz Radiator Short paths for charge drift and multiplication: Reduced gap A low-inductance return path for the high-frequency component of the signal: Optimization of the anode for charge-collection over small transverse distances: The development of multi-channel psec-resolution custom readout electronics directly mounted on the anode assembly: ASIC, precision clock distribution Smaller pore size: Atomic Layer Deposition 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

Atomic Layer Deposition ALD is a gas phase chemical process used to create extremely thin coatings. Current 10 micron MCPs have pore spacing of 10,000 nm. Our state of the art for Photonis MCPs is 2 micron (although the square MCPs are 10 micron). We have measured MCP timing resolution folk-lore is that it depends strongly on pore size, and should improve substantially with smaller pores (betcha). M.Pellin, MSD Karen Byrum slide, mostly 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors

FY-08 Funds –ANL Laser Test Stand at Argonne Hamamatsu PLP-10 Laser (Controller w/a laser diode head) 405 & 635nm head. Pulse to pulse jitter < 10psec (Manufacture Specs) Electronics Lens to focus beam on MCP Diaphram with shutter to next box MCP 2 Mirrors to direct light Mirrors to delay light 50/50 beam splitter X-Y Stager 6/6/2019 ANL Workshop on Large-Area Photo-Detectors Laser Head MCP 1