1. The Development of Large-area Picosecond-resolution Detectors
Henry J. Frisch
Enrico Fermi Institute and Argonne Natl. Lab.
OUTLINE
SOME APPLICATIONS – sub-ps to 100 ps; 25cm2 to 10,000 m2
CHALLENGE: CAN WE GET FROM 100 PS TO 1 PS?
PRESENT STATUS
APPLICATIONS REVISITED
QUESTION TO AUDIENCE- WOULD sT=1ps and sS=<1 mm BE USEFUL TO YOU?
11/18/2018
Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

2. Fast Timing and TOF in HEP
Henry Frisch
Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago
Long-standing motivation- understanding the basic forces and particles of nature- hopefully reflecting underlying symmetries
CDF-1979 to present
Discoveries: Top quark
B_s Mixing
Measurements:
Many many many- and many more not done yet
Not light compared to Atlas and CMS ( 5000 tons)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

3. Application 1 (my initial motivation) Fast Timing and TOF in HEP
1. We (you, we_all) spend big bucks/year measuring the 3-momenta of hadrons, but can’t follow the flavor-flow of quarks, the primary objects that are colliding. Principle: measure ALL the information.
2. Quarks are distinguished by different masses- up and down are light (MeV), strange a few 100 MeV, charm 1.7 GeV, bottom 4.5 GeV, top 170.
3. To follow the quarks- 2 direct ways- lifetime (charm,bottom), measuring the mass (strange).
4. To measure the mass, measure p and v: (v=L/dt)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

4. The unexplained structure of basic building blocks-e.g. quarks
The up and down quarks are light (few MeV), but one can trace the others by measuring the mass of the particles containing them. Different models of the forces and symmetries predict different processes that are distinguishable by identifying the quarks. Hence my own interest.
Q=2/3
M~2 MeV
M=1750 MeV
M=175,000 MeV
M=300 MeV
M=4,500 MeV
Q=-1/3
M~2 MeV
11/18/2018
Nico Berry (nicoberry.com)

5. Fast Timing and TOF in HEP
I believe that the existence of ‘flavor’- up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top is essential, in the sense that if we can’t understand it in a deeper way, we’re in the grip of initial conditions rather than fundamental symmetries or principles.
Really a deep divide between the string landscape community, who are stuck with equally possible universes, and us, who have this one characterized by small integers and interesting patterns. (Aside- This latter, I believe, is the future area for Fermilab).
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

6. A real CDF Top Quark Event
T-Tbar -> W+bW-bbar
W->charm sbar
Measure transit time here
(stop)
B-quark
T-quark->W+bquark
T-quark->W+bquark
B-quark
Cal. Energy
From electron
W->electron+neutrino
Fit t0 (start) from all tracks
Can we follow the color flow through kaons, cham, bottom? TOF!

7. Application 1- Collider Detector Upgrade Charged Particle ID
E.g- Tevatron 3rd-generation detector (combine D0 and CDF hardcore groups); ATLAS Upgrade (true upgrade)
One example- precision measurements of the top and W masses
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

8. MW-Mtop Plane MW= 80.398 \pm 0.025 GeV (inc. new CDF 200pb-1)
MTop = \pm 1.8 GeV (March 2007)
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9. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
Application 1- Collider Detector Upgrades
Take a systematics-dominated measurement: e.g. the W mass.
Dec 1994 (12 yrs ago)-
`Here Be Dragons’ Slide: remarkable how precise one can do at the Tevatron (MW,Mtop, Bs mixing, …)- but has taken a long time- like any other precision measurements requires a learning process of techniques, details, detector upgrades….
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

10. Precision Measurement of the Top Mass
TDR
Aspen Conference Annual Values
(Doug Glenzinski Summary Talk)
Jan-05: Mt = +/- 4.3 GeV
Jan-06: Mt = +/- 2.9 GeV
Jan-07: Mt = +/- 2.1 GeV
Note we are doing almost 1/root-L even now
Setting JES with MW puts us significantly ahead of the projection based on Run I in the Technical Design Report (TDR). Systematics are measurable with more data (at some level- but W and Z are bright standard candles.)

11. Application 1a- Collider Detector Upgrade Photon Vertexing
Real data- 3 events in one beam crossing:
2 events at same place; 2 at same time
Can distinguish in the 2D space-time plane

12. Application 2: Fixed-target Geometries Particle ID and Photon Vertexing
Geometry is planar- i.e. the event is projected onto a detection plane. Timing gives the path length from the point on the plane to the interaction. New information for vertexing, reconstruction of p0 ‘s from 2 photons, direction of long-lived particles.
Very thin in ‘z’direction, unlike Cherenkovcounters.
Can give a space-point with all 3 coordinates- x,y and z
* Key new information- gives ‘tomographic’ capability to a plane
Thin Pb Converter

13. Application 3- Neutrino Physics
Constantinos Melachrinos (Cypress)
(idea of Howard Nicholson)
Example- DUSEL detector with 100% coverage and 3D photon vertex reconstruction.
Need >10,000 square meters (!) (100 ps resolution)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

14. Application 4- Medical Imaging (PET)
Advantages: Factor of 10 cheaper (?); depth of interaction measurement; 375 ps resolution (H. Kim, UC)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

15. Application 5- Nuclear Non-proliferation
Haven’t thought about this yet- looking for interested ANL folks. But:
MCP’s loaded with Boron or Gadolinium are used as neutron detectors with good gamma separation (Nova Scientific).
Large-area means could scan trucks, containers
Time resolution corresponds to space resolution out of the detector plane IF one has a t_0
An area for possible applications- needs thought
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

16. Why has 100 psec been the # for 60 yrs?
Typical path lengths for light and electrons are set by physical dimensions of the light collection and amplifying device.
These are now on the order of an inch. One inch is 100 psec. That’s what we measure- no surprise! (pictures from T. Credo)
Typical Light Source (With Bounces)
Typical Detection Device (With Long Path Lengths)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

17. Characteristics we need
Small feature size << 300 microns
Homogeneity (ability to make uniform large-area- think solar-panels, floor tiles)
Fast rise-time and/or constant signal shape
Lifetime (rad hard in some cases)
Intrinsic low cost: application specific (low-cost materials and simple batch fabrication)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

18. Our Detector Development- 3 Prongs
Readout: Transmission lines+waveform sampling
Anode is a 50-ohm stripline- can be long; readout 2 ends
CMOS sampling onto capacitors- fast, cheap, low-power
Sampling ASICs demonstrated and widely used
Go from .25micron to .13micron; 8ch/chip to 32/chip
Simulations predict 2-3 ps resolution with present rise times, ~1 with faster MCP
MCP development
Use Atomic Layer Deposition for emissive materials (amplification); passive substrates
Simulation of EVERYTHING as basis for design
Modern computing tools plus some amazing people allow simulation of things- validate with data.
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

19. Performance Goals (particles)
Quantity
Present
Baseline
HJF
Time resolution-charged particles (psec)
12 (6)(2.3* 10
<1
Time resolution-photons (psec)
---
1-3
Space resolution- charged (mm)
0.1* 1
0.1
Space resolution- neutrals (mm) -- 5
Thickness (inches)/plane 1* 2
Cost ($/30 sq-meters/plane)
Forgetit
3.0M$
1.2M$
Schedule for development (from t0- i.e. funding of MCP project)
3 yrs
5 yrs
* With a 2” square Burle MCP in beam- 6 psec on bench,2.3 expected
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

20. Generating the signal (particles)
Use Cherenkov light - fast
Incoming rel. particle
Custom Anode with
Equal-Time Transmission
Lines + Capacitative. Return
A 2” x 2” MCP- actual thickness ~3/4”
e.g. Burle (Photonis) with mods per our work
11/18/2018
Collect charge here-differential
Input to 200 GHz TDC chip

21. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
Micro-channel Plates
Currently the glass substrate has a dual function-
To provide the geometry and electric field like the dynode chain in a PMT, and
To use an intrinsic lead-oxide layer for secondary electron emission (SEE)
Micro-photograph of Burle 25 micron tube- Greg Sellberg (Fermilab)- ~2M$/m2- not including readout
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

22. Get position AND time Anode Design and Simulation(Fukun Tang)
Transmission Line- readout both ends=> pos and time
Cover large areas with much reduced channel account.
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

23. Photonis Planicon on Transmission Line Board
Couple 1024 pads to strip-lines with silver-loaded epoxy (Greg Sellberg, Fermilab).
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

24. Comparison of measurements (Ed May and Jean-Francois Genat and simulation (Fukun Tang)
Transmission Line- simulation shows 3.5GHz bandwidth- 100 psec rise (well-matched to MCP)
Measurements in Bld362 laser teststand match velocity and time/space resolution very well

25. Scaling Performance to Large Area Anode Simulation(Fukun Tang)
48-inch Transmission Line- simulation shows 1.1 GHz bandwidth- still better than present electronics.
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

26. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
Proof of Principle
Camden Ertley results using ANL laser-test stand and commercial Burle 25-micron tube- lots of photons
(note- pore size may matter less than current path!- we can do better with ALD custom designs (transmission lines))
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

27. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
Understanding the contributing factors to 6 psec resolutions with present Burle/Photonis/Ortec setups Jerry Vavra’s Numbers
TTS: 3.8 psec (from a TTS of 27 psec)
Cos(theta)_cherenk 3.3 psec
Pad size 0.75 psec
Electronics (old Ortec) 3.4 psec
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

28. ANL Test-stand Measurements
Jean-Francois Genat, Ed May, Eugene Yurtsev
Sample both ends of transmission line with Photonis MCP (not optimum)
2 ps; 100 microns measured
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

29. Large-area Micro-Channel Plate Panel “Cartoon”
N.B.- this is a `cartoon’- working on workable designs-
Front Window and Radiator
Photocathode
Pump Gap
High Emissivity Material
Low Emissivity Material
`Normal’ MCP pore material
Gold Anode
50 Ohm Transmission Line
Rogers PC Card
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
Capacitive Pickup to Sampling Readout

30. Incom glass capillary substrate
New technology- use Atomic Layer Deposition to `functionalize an inert substrate- cheaper, more robust, and can even stripe to make dynode structures (?)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

31. Another pore substrate (Incom)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

32. Front-end Electronics/Readout Waveform sampling ASIC
First have to understand signal and noise in the frequency domain
EFI Electronics Development Group: Jean-Francois Genat (Group Leader)

33. Front-end Electronics/Readout Waveform sampling ASIC
EFI Electronics Development Group: H. Grabas, J.F. Genat
Varner, Ritt, DeLanges, and Breton have pioneered waveform–sampling onto an array of CMOS capacitors
All these expert groups are involved (Hawaii formally)

34. Front-end Electronics/Readout Waveform sampling ASIC
Herve’ Grabas
EFI Electronics Development Group:
Herve’. Grabas, J.F. Genat

35. FY-08 Funds –Chicago Anode Design and Simulation (Fukun Tang)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

36. Front-end Electronics
Resolution depends on 3 parameters:
Number of PE’s
Analog Bandwidth
Signal-to-Noise
Wave-form sampling does well- CMOS (!)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

37. Front-end Electronics
Wave-form sampling does well: - esp at large Npe
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

38. Front-end Electronics-II
See J-F Genat, G. Varner, F. Tang, and HF
arXiv: v1 (Oct. 2008)- to be published in Nucl. Instr. Meth.
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

39. Plans to Implement This
Have formed a collaboration to do this in 3 years. 4 National Labs, 5 Divisions at Argonne, 3 companies, electronics expertise at UC and Hawaii
R&D- not for sure, but we see no show-stoppers

40. Cartoon of a `frugal’ MCP
Put all ingredients together- flat glass case (think TV’s), capillary/ALD amplification, transmission line anodes, waveform sampling
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

41. Can dial size for occupancy, resolution- e.g. neutrinos 4’by 2’
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

42. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
Passive Substrates-1
Self-assembled material- AAO (Anodic Aluminum Oxide)- Hau Wang (MSD)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

43. Passive Substrates-2 Glass capillary with 40-micron pores (Incom)
inexpensive, L/D of 40:1, pores micron
65% to 83% open area ratio

44. Functionalization- ALD
Jeff Elam, Thomas Prolier, Joe Libera (ESD)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

45. Functionalization- ALD
Jeff Elam, Thomas Prolier, Joe Libera (ESD)

46. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
MCP Simulation
Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc)
Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

47. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
MCP Simulation
Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc)
Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

48. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
MCP Simulation
Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

49. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
MCP Simulation
Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc)
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

50. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
Status
We have submitted the proposal to DOE; it’s out to 5 reviewers (wish us luck).
We are going ahead in the meantime due to support from the Director and Mike Pellin and Harry Weerts- I’m amazed by Argonne’s strength and creativity and facilities!
We have a blog and a web page- feel free to look- (don’t be bullied by the blog).
So far no show-stoppers…
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

51. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
The End-
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

52. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future
BACKUP
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

53. What would TOF<10psec do for you?
(disclaimer- I know next to nothing about LHCb, b-physics, or the Collab. goals..- I’m making this up….needs work- would be delighted to see someone pick this up.)
If you can stand a little active material in front of your em calorimeter, convert photons- 10 psec is 3mm IN THE DIRECTION of the photon flight path- can vertex photons. Do pizeros, etas, KL and KS, …
This allows all neutral signature mass reconstruction- new channels e.g. the CP asymmetry in BS->p K0 (J.Rosner suggestion)
Eta’s in general are nice: e.g. BS->J/psi eta (again, J.R.)
With two planes and time maybe get to 1 psec,=300 microns along flight path- can one vertex from timing?
Searches for rare heavy long-lived things (other than b’s)- need redundancy.
May help with pileup- sorting out vertices.
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

54. `Photo-multiplier in a Pore’
Idea is to build a PMT structure inside each pore- have a defined dynode chain of rings of material with high secondary emissivity so that the start of the shower has a controlled geometry (and hence small TTS)
One problem is readout- how do you cover a large area and preserve the good timing?
Proposed solution- build anode into pores, capacitively couple into transmission lines to preserve pulse shape.
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Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

55. Jerry’s #’s re-visited : Solutions to get to <several psec resolution.
TTS: 3.8 psec (from a TTS of 27 psec)
MCP development- reduce TTS- smaller pores, smaller gaps, filter chromaticity, ANL atomic-deposition dynodes and anodes.
Cos(theta)_cherenk 3.3 psec
Same shape- spatial distribution (e.g. strips and time-differences measure spot)
3. Pad size 0.75 psec Transmission-line readout and shape reconstruction
4. Electronics 3.4 psec – fast sampling- should be able to get < 2 psec (extrapolation of simulation to faster pulses)