AV- Growth of Government Back

The Roots of Bureaucracy Foreign Affairs, War, Treasury were first departments. Growth in early 1800s with Post Office. Patronage and the spoils system become common. Civil War spawns another expansion. Creates department of Agriculture Pendleton Act (Chester A. Arthur) is beginning of modern civil service system Also known as merit system, requiring exam and hiring based on merit Teddy Roosevelt creates department of Labor and Commerce, 1903 Creation of independent regulatory commissions. (ICC, FDA, etc)-to regulate abuses of business Passage of 16th Amendment (Income tax) during Progressive era allows for expansion ? Are these early expansions necessary?

Twentieth-Century Bureaucracy Growing number of cabinet departments. Need for a larger government to support wars. New Deal- To combat failings of laissez-faire capitalism, FDR created hundreds of new regulatory agencies LBJ- Great Society (HUD, Dept of Transportation, EEOC)

Figure 9.1- Civilian Employment  Back

Modern Bureaucracy More than 2.7 million employees. Most are selected based on merit- 90%. The other 10% are appointed policy making positions Also have high-level appointees- Cabinet Secretaries must go through Senate approval process- “advise and consent”. President can choose to what degree he listens to them or makes own policy with EOP Wide variety of skills represented. Less diverse than America. Scattered throughout D.C. and regional offices (Most actually outside of DC) Growth of outside contractors in recent years, esp. in Conservative administrations (Military “sub-contractors like Blackwater)

Characteristics of Bureaucracy Chain of command from top to bottom. Division of labor. Clear lines of authority. Goal orientation. Merit system- judged by qualifications and skills.

Figure 9.2- Employee Characteristics Back

Figure 9.3- Agency Regions  Back

Formal Organization 4 types of Agencies 1. Cabinet departments handle broad, lasting issues-15 total Headed by secretaries-confirmed by Senate 2. Government corporations act like businesses- (eg. Amtrak, TVA) 3. Independent executive agencies handle services (NASA, EPA) Narrower than Cabinet department, independent. 4. Independent regulatory commissions watch industry (OHSA, NLRB, SEC, FCC) Designed to be free from partisan pressure- not replaced when new President enters office

Figure 9.4- The Executive Branch Back

The workings of the Bureaucracy Iron Triangles (Issue Networks) Congress creates Bureaucratic agencies and funds them. Main job is of Agencies is implementation of laws- Process of agencies making rules on industry, spending $ appropriating and executing executive wishes. Policy concerning issues are made in iron triangles or issue networks (stable relationships between Bureaucratic agencies, Interest groups/business, and congressional committees). They each have something to offer to the other and they each rely on the other tow to exist (symbiotic relationship) Example of Iron Triangle of Social Security spending Interest group-AARP, Pharmaceutical Companies Congressional Committee- House committee on aging Bureaucratic Agency- Social Security Administration, Department of HHS

Figure 9.5- An Iron Triangle  Back

The Iron Triangle (Issue Network) of Tobacco

Government Workers and Politics Hatch Act sets first boundaries (1939)- prevents civil servants from working on partisan political campaigns, making political contributions, working for a party and for campaigning Federal Employees Political Act is current standard (1993)- liberalized the Hatch Act- civil servants now allowed to run for office in nonpartisan campaigns and to contribute money to partisan campaigns

Table 9.1- FEPA  Back

Making Policy (Bureaucracy) Administrative discretion allows a lot of latitude- laws written vaguely with many compromises- allows agencies flexibility in implementation Rule-making is a quasi-legislative process- has the force of law, printed in Federal Register and take effect 30 days after printing. Formal procedure for making regulations. Administrative adjudication is quasi-judicial process- independent judges hear arguments for the agency Used to settle disputes between two parties.

Agency Accountability Unclear who agencies should be accountable to. Presidents try to make the right appointments. Can also shape policy through executive orders. Congress can use oversight powers (usually hearings) and funding (power of the purse). Judiciary can review regulations.

Figure 9.6- Rulemaking Back

Table 9.2- Bureaucratic Agency Accountability Back