Unit 2: Cells and Tissues Chapter 3 in textbook

Unit 2 Goals 2.1 Describe the structure and function of all organelles of an animal cell including the plasma membrane 2.2 Differentiate between isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions and how cells respond to each 2.3 Explain the mechanisms for both active and passive transport systems 2.4 Understand that all of the body’s processes occur at the cellular level 2.5 Understand that maintaining a cell’s boundaries is vital to life 2.6 Define the 4 major tissue types and their functions 2.7 Describe the specific structure and function of each tissue within the 4 major tissue categories 2.8 Identify the steps to tissue repair 2.9 Define tissue & their relationship to organs 2.10 Apply the structure and function of tissues to the organs we’ll study in detail in future units

Cellular/Plasma Membrane Separates cell contents from the _____________________ Very dynamic in many cellular activities **Remember: All processes within the body are actually ______________ processes!!

Plasma Membrane Structure

Plasma Membrane Structure Made up of a lipid bilayer containing Proteins Acts as binding sites (receptors) for hormones or chemical _________________ Acts as _____________to aid in the transport of materials through membrane (for water or water-soluble substances) Acts as carriers by binding to substances and carrying them through the __________________

Plasma Membrane Structure Glycoproteins _______________ attached to proteins Determines blood type Receptors for bacteria, ____________ and toxins ________________ Stabilizes membrane and keeps it fluid Glycoproteins make cells sticky; they change when cells become cancerous Cholesterol also makes vitamin D, hormones and bile salts. Made in liver; abundant in brain and membranes

Cell Physiology Cells metabolize: use nutrients to build new materials break down substances _______________________ digest foods dispose of waste move and respond to stimuli

Membrane Transport Solution: a homogenous mixture of 2+ components Exs: air (mixture of gases), ______________ (salt & water) ____________: the substance presenting the largest amount within the solution Water = bodies chief solvent

Membrane Transport Solutes: substance present in ___________ amounts within a solution Intracellular Fluid: a solution within cells; containing small amounts of gases, nutrients & salts; all ________________________________

Membrane Transport Interstitial/Intracellular Fluid ______________ surrounding outside of cells Derived from _________________ All exchanges between blood and cells made here Very nutritious: ______________, fatty acids, vitamins Contains hormones, salts and waste products

Membrane Transport Selective Permeability: when a barrier only allows ____________ select substances into or out of cell Passive Transport: substances are passed across the membrane without expending energy Great for ___________________!!

Membrane Transport _____________ Transport: when a cell uses ____________to move substances across a membrane. Substances are either too large, unable to dissolve in fat core or are moving against a _________________ gradient

Can You Define These? Isotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution Hypotonic Solution

Histology The study of…..? Definitions: Avascular: Innervated:

4 Major Types of Tissue Names and Functions: Epithelial: protects, secretes, absorbs & forms ____________ Connective: supports & ______________ Muscular: ________________ Nervous: transmits impulses

Epithelial Tissue Special characteristics: ___________________ Innervated Rests on a basement membrane: material that attaches epithelium to underlying connective tissue Cells fit closely, forming _______________________

Epithelial Tissue Continued Cells fit closely, forming continuous sheets Always has one, free, ____________________ (exposed to body’s exterior or to cavity of internal organ) ____________________ with sufficient nourishment

Epithelial Classification 1.) By cell shape Squamos: flattened cells ______________: boxlike cells Columnar: higher than wide (tall)

Epithelial Classification 2.) By layers Simple: one layer Stratified: several ____________ Pseudostratified: single layer but looks like two layers

Epithelial Classification Draw the following based on epithelial classifications: Simple columnar epithelial tissue Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue Stratified squamos epithelial tissue

Assignment Using your book, pages 86-90, look up the different classifications of epithelium (listed below) & make notes about where each is located within the body and their specific function: Glandular epithelium Endocrine glands Exocrine glands

Assignment continued Simple epithelia: Stratified epithelia: Simple squamos Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Pseudostratified Stratified epithelia: Stratified squamos Stratified cuboidal & stratified columnar Transitional epithelia

Connective Tissue Special Characteristics: Living cells surrounded by a __________________ extracellular matrix which varies the rigidity of connective tissue from solid to liquid Some __________________, others not There are several different types:

Connective Tissue Types _______________ Osteoblasts make a hard matrix surrounded by osteocytes Contains ________________ deposits Highly vascularized Acts to ______________________

Connective Tissue Types Cartilage Flexible but tough, avascular, dennervated, mostly water ____________________: rubbery, most abundant type; provides support and pliability; larynx, costal cartilage, ends of long bones, ___________________________ Elastic cartilage: resistant to bending; external ear Fibrocartilage: compressible & resists tension; intervertebral discs, _________________

Connective Tissue Types Dense __________________ Tissue Regular: fibers arranged parallely (unidirectional strength), poorly vascularized, many ______________, enormous tensile strength; tendons, ligaments Irregular: bundles of collagen fibers, thicker & ________________ (multidirectional strength); skin

Connective Tissue Types Areolar Tissue: fluid matrix, widely distributed in body; cushions and protects body ______________ Adipose tissue: aka fat; areolar tissue with _______________; for shock absorption, insulation & energy storage Reticular Connective Tissue: makes a ______that supports free blood cells in spleen, lymph nodes & bone marrow Blood: blood cells surrounded by non-living fluid matrix; used for transport

Muscle Tissue Special characteristics: _________________________________ Muscle cell = muscle fiber

Muscle Tissue 3 types: Skeletal muscle: ____________cells, multi-nucleate, striated, voluntary, attached to bones; causes movement & expressions _________________: striated, uni-nucleate, make up walls of heart, involuntary; contract to propel blood through vessels Smooth: no striations, _________________, involuntary, lines walls of hollow organs; propels substances through organs

Nervous Tissue Makes up the nervous system; neurons (______________________________) Generates & conducts nervous impulses

Tissue Repair Tissue defense mechanisms: Intact ________________ barriers (skin, mucous membranes) Cilia (lines _______________ tract) Acid (skin, stomach)

Tissue Repair When ________________ there are 2 different responses: 1.) Inflammatory Response Redness, heat, swelling, loss of function and pain The body’s attempt to “___________________” the area Gets clotting factors and nutrients to area 2.) Immune Response More specific than inflammatory ___________________________________

Tissue Repair Tissue Repair is dependant on severity of injury and type of tissue damaged _________________: replacement of destroyed tissue with the same tissue _________________: replacement of destroyed tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)

Specific Tissue Repair Regenerates well Epithelium, fibrous connective tissue and ______________ Regenerates poorly Skeletal muscle, ________________, nervous tissue ________________ Strong, lacks flexibility, unable to perform normal functions