1. Chapter 6: Tissues and Membranes

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Lesson 6.1 Objectives
List the four basic types of tissues.
Describe the functions of epithelial tissue.
Explain how epithelial tissue is classified.
Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands.
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3. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Types of Tissues
Tissues: groups of cells that are similar to one another in structure and function
Histology: study of tissues
Four major types of tissues:
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular
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4. Epithelial Tissue Functions
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion
Transportation
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5. Epithelial Tissue Traits
Forms continuous sheets, like floor tiles
Outer surface is unattached
Undersurface is attached to basement membrane
Avascular: no independent blood supply
Well-nourished and regenerates quickly
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6. Types of Epithelial Tissue
Classification according to shape:
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
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7. Types of Epithelial Tissue (cont’d.)
Classification according to number of layers:
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium
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8. Types of Epithelial Tissue (cont’d.)
Simple epithelia:
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Stratified epithelia:
Stratified epithelia
Transitional epithelia
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9. Types of Epithelial Tissue (cont’d.)
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10. Types of Epithelial Tissue (cont’d.)
Glandular epithelia:
Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands
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11. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Lesson 6.2 Objectives
Describe the functions of connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
List the types of epithelial and connective tissue membranes.
Differentiate between mucous and serous membranes.
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12. Connective Tissue Functions
Connection
Support
Protection
Fat storage
Transportation
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13. Connective Tissue Traits
Most connective tissues are well-vascularized
Exception: tendons and ligaments have poor blood supply, and cartilage has no blood supply
These heal slowly
Type of intercellular matrix varies
Presence and amount of protein fibers varies
Collagen
Elastin
Reticular fibers (fine collagen)
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14. Types of Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissue
Areolar tissue: surrounds, protects, and cushions many organs
Adipose tissue: stores fat, helps regulate body temperature, deposited around certain organs
Reticular connective tissue: framework for lymphoid tissue such as spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
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15. Types of Connective Tissue (cont’d.)
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Tendons: attach muscles to bone
Ligaments: attach bones to one another
Capsules: enclose some organs such as kidney and liver
Fascia: sheets that cover muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, and cover, support, and anchor organs
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16. Types of Connective Tissue (cont’d.)
Cartilage
Chondrocytes: cartilage cells
Most cartilage is covered by perichondrium
Types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
Bone
Also known as osseous tissue
Protects organs, supports weight, stores minerals
Blood: blood cells surrounded by plasma
Lymph: fluid in lymphatic vessels
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Connective Tissue
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Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue: makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Two types of cells:
Neurons
Neuroglia
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Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue: composed of cells (fibers) that shorten or contract to cause movement of a body part
Three types of muscle:
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
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20. Muscle Tissue (cont’d.)
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Tissue Repair
Two types of tissue repair:
Regeneration: replacement of tissue via mitosis by cells identical to original cells
Fibrosis: replacement of injured tissue with fibrous connective tissue
Keloid scarring: excessive fibrosis
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22. Tissue Repair (cont’d.)
Steps in tissue repair:
Wound
Clot and scab
Tissue repair begins
Scar tissue forms
Epithelial cells multiply
Scab detaches; regenerated layer is over scar tissue
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23. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Membranes
Membranes: thin sheets of tissue that cover surfaces, line body cavities, and surround organs
Classification of membranes:
Epithelial
Connective tissue
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Cutaneous Membranes
Outer layer: epidermis, formed of stratified squamous epithelium
Inner layer: dermis, formed of fibrous connective tissue
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Mucous Membranes
Line all body cavities that open to the exterior of the body
Adapted to enable absorption and secretion
Mucus is secreted to lubricate and moisturize
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Serous Membranes
Pleura
Parietal pleura line wall of thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura cover each lung
Pericardium: around heart
Peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum lines abdominal cavity walls
Visceral peritoneum covers organs
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