US History-Sectionalism US History Unit 9

Sectionalism in the USA Sectionalism-Where areas of the United States are loyal to their region not he nation. This is the cause of the Civil War. North South Labor Free-Immigrants Slave-Slave Trade Economy Industrial-Factories Agricultural- Plantation System Cash crops Expansion Supported new free states & state funded transportation Supported new slave states & small western farms

Leaders of the Era John C. Calhoun – politician from South Carolina Calhoun supported the issue of states’ rights. Calhoun was a major player in the Nullification Crisis involving the belief that states had the right to nullify federal laws within their state borders. Henry Clay – known as the “Great Compromiser”, Clay sponsored several compromises in Congress to diffuse conflicts between Northern States and Southern States including the Missouri Compromise, the Nullification Crisis, and the Compromise of 1850. Daniel Webster – was directly involved in the Compromise of 1850 which temporarily diffused the conflict over expansion of slavery in new territories and saved the Union

Expansion of the United States As the United States expanded, new states joined the Union. However, their was much debate over their admittance as a slave or free state. Norther states had a larger population, due to their free labor mindset. This resulted in increased political power (more votes). The northern states dominated the House of Representatives due to their larger population. However, Southern states fought (as long as they could) for an larger (or at least equal number) of slave and free states in the Senate. Thus allowing them to have equal representation with their smaller population ( remember only 3/5 of a states slave population counted towards the states population)

Causes of the Civil War Missouri Compromise- Missouri was added as a slave state and Main was added as a free state. A line was created on the southern border of Missouri. All states south of the line would be slave states. Compromise of 1850- California wanted to join the Union as a free state but the Missouri compromise line divided the state in half. California joined the Union as a free state and a more strict fugitive salve act was passed. This allowed slaves (even freemen at times) to be brought back to the south if they escaped on the underground rail road. Kansas Nebraska Act- When the territory of Kansas and Nebraska wanted to join the union, they were also above the Missouri line. They wanted to use popular sovereignty (voting) to choose if they were free or slave states. At first Kansas was a slave state. This was because residents from Missouri crossed the border to vote. Then a reelection occured (due to voter fraud) and Kansas became a free state. The state had two governments that openly fought with each other. The event was titled “Bleeding Kansas”. Uncle Toms Cabin- A book wrote by Harret Beecher Stowe that demonstrated the negative side of southern society and slavery. It became a best seller overnight. It increased the membership of Abolitionist in the north, but made southerns warry of northers. Dread Scott v. Sanford- A supreme court case. Dread Scott was brought from a slave state to a free state by Peter Blow (an army surgeon). He believed he was free because he resided in a free state. However, the court decided that Scott was property and individual property was protected by the constitution. John Browns Raid- John Brown was a free state supporter who was a leader in the “bleeding Kansas” crisis. He attempted to create a slave rebellion by capturing the arsenal at Harpers Ferry Virginia. No Slaves joined his rebellion. He was captured and hung. He was seen as a terrorist by the south and a martyr by the North.

Election of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 with 0 electoral votes in the south. Southerners believed Lincoln wanted to end slavery. However, he only wanted to limit he expansion of slavery. South Carolina (the first of the southern states to succeed) believed Lincolns election was evidence of a Northern conspiracy.