Factors Effecting Solubility: 1. Gas solubility (in liquids) Temperature is inversely proportional to solubility for gases! WHY? Gas particles have more KE, so any added heat will cause them to escape from the solution

Factors Effecting Solubility: 1. Gas solubility (in liquids) Agitation will easily cause gas molecules to come out of solution WHY? Gas particles have more KE, so any added movement will cause them to escape from the solution

Factors Effecting Solubility: 1. Gas solubility (in liquids) Partial pressure is directly proportional to solubility (Henry’s Law) WHY? Higher P means more collisions of that gas particle with the liquid surface, so more enter the solution!

Factors Effecting Solubility: 2. Solid solubility (in liquids) Pressure over the solution has no effect on the solubility of the solid Agitation increases the rate of dissolution Temp. is directly proportional to solubility for most solids.

Solution Properties: 1. Electrical Conductivity Water (by itself) does not conduct electricity … No free flowing charged particles! Dissolve charged particles in the water however, and now it can conduct electricity Now it has free flowing charged particles! These substances are called electrolytes

Solution Properties: (see handout) 2. Colligative Properties The more solute that dissolves, the more the properties will change Boiling point elevation Freezing point depression Vapor pressure decrease

Concentration: Measure of how much solute is dissolved Usually in the form of some ratio of solute : solvent Molarity is most commonly used, and the only one required for use on the AP test

Concentration: Measure of how much solute is dissolved Usually in the form of some ratio of solute : solvent moles solute Molarity, M = Liters solution

Solution Preparation: How to prepare certain molar solutions moles solute M = Liter solution Describe the steps that should be followed and the equipment that should be used to create 100 mL of a 2.5 M CuSO4 aqueous solution 1. Use volumetric flask … 2. Add small amount of solvent 3. Weigh proper Add solute, stir 4. Fill up to proper volume w/ solvent