Research Paper Requirement Notes: Sentence Types Appeals Evidence Claims Thesis Figurative Language Visuals

Sentence Types Simple: Compound-Complex: Periodic: Loose: Subject-Verb (I went to the store.) 2 Independent Clauses and one or more dependent clauses (While traveling to the store, I saw my friend, and she gave me money.) The periodic sentence emphasizes its main idea by placing it at the end. Places the main idea at the beginning followed by a heap of details (aka cumulative sentence)

The Rhetorical Triangle: Logos, Pathos, Ethos Speaker = Pathos: Audience Subject = Logos

Types of Evidence: First-Hand Most common Adds a human element Appeal to pathos Speaker must be knowledgeable “inside” knowledge Personal Experience: Anecdotes: Current Events: Brief stories about other people Observed or told about Appeal to pathos Observation about local, national, global events Beware of bias…seek multiple perspectives

Types of Evidence: Second-Hand Facts from research Gives background & context Helps establish ethos of writer Pitfall: do not misrepresent the event… Develops a point of comparison to a modern event/problem Historical Information: Expert Opinions: Quantitative Evidence: Expert = published research Expert = job/experience gives specialized knowledge Things that can be represented in numbers Statistics, polls, surveys, census, etc. Appeal to logos

Claims Claim of fact Claim of Value Claim of Policy Asserts that something is true or not true Argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong Proposes a change

Thesis * Advantage: immediately addresses the counter & helps the Closed Thesis Statement: * Main ideas of the argument * previews the major points * Typically three pronger! Open Thesis Statement: * Main ideas of the argument * does NOT list the points the intends to cover * usually used for longer essays, lots of points to cover Counterargument Thesis Statement: * summary of the counterargument precedes the writer’s opinion (uses although or but) * Advantage: immediately addresses the counter & helps the transition later

Figurative Language Metaphor: Irony: Simile: Allusion: Direct comparison; analogy a meaning in opposition to the literal meaning Comparison using like or as Reference to something well known

Visuals