Gymnosperms 5.2 Seed plant that produce a “naked seeds” (seeds that are not enclosed by a protective fruit) Have needle-like or scale- like leaves, and deep- growing root systems

Gymnosperms 4 types: Cycads: Held the majority 175 million yrs. ago Grow mainly in tropical & subtropical areas Can grow as large as a football field Conifers: Cone-bearing plants Largest and most diverse group Most are evergreens(year round)-pine, sequoias and junipers

Gymnosperms Ginkgoes Only one species exist Ginkgo trees can tolerate air pollution Gnetophtyes Live in hot deserts and tropical rain forest Trees, shrubs, and vines

Reproduction in Gymnosperms Most use reproduction structures called cones Most produce two types; male & female cones Male cones produce pollen (the male gametophyte) which contain the male sex cells (sperm cells) Female cones contain the female gametophytes (egg cells) which are developed in the ovule. After the sperm cell joins the egg cell (fertilization) the ovule will develop into a seed.

Reproduction in Gymnosperms Pollination: transfer of pollen from male structure to female structure Wind normally carries pollen from male cone to female cone. Fertilization: after pollination; the ovule closes and seals the pollen. Sperm cells fertilized an egg cell inside ovule. The zygote develops into an embryo part of the seed.  

Reproduction in Gymnosperms Seed Development: Seed develops in female cone; stays on plant Male cone falls off after the pollen is dispersed Seed Dispersal When seeds mature, scales of cone open and are dispersed. Only a few seeds will end up in a suitable place.

Reproduction in Gymnosperms

Angiosperms “Flowering Plant” Two main characteristics All produce flowers All produce seeds that are enclosed in fruits

The Flower

Structure of the Flower Sepals & Petals Stamens Pistils Pollinators

Sepals & Petals Sepal encloses the bud; protecting developing flowers Petals are usually colorful; shapes, sizes, & number vary

Stamens The male reproductive parts Filament: thin stalk of the stamen Anther: this is where the pollen is produced.

Pistils Found in center of most flowers Stigma: sticky tip of pistils Style: slender tube that connects the stigma to the ovary Ovary: Hollow structure which protects the seed as it develops; contains 1 or more ovules

Pollinators Color and scents attract insects & other animals. Pollinators: birds, bat, bees, flies, & butterflies

Reproduction in Angiosperms

Complex Life Cycle (pg. 111) Two different stages Sporophyte stage In this stage plants produce spores, tiny cells that can grow into organisms. These will develop into the sex cells of the plant Gametophyte Stage The plant produces from the spores sex cells; sperm cells or egg cells

Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds pollination- color of flower attracts insects to fertilize flower beginning of fruit and seed formation fruits and seed are attractive to birds who eat and spread seeds. Reproduces plant some seeds carried on animals coats