Popular Radio: History of Technology

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Presentation transcript:

Popular Radio: History of Technology 1844: Samuel F.B. Morse introduces the telegraph: interrupt a wired electrical signal in code. 1873: James Clark Maxwell theorizes the electromagnetic spectrum. 1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone: modulated wired electrical signal allows for voice transmission. 1888: Heinrich Hertz sends first electromagnetic signal in the laboratory.

Popular Radio: History of Technology Guglielmo Marconi: First practical wireless telegraphy, 1894 Forms British Marconi, 1897 First signal across English Channel, 1899 First Transatlantic signal, 1901 Marconi monopolizes wireless telegraphy .

Popular Radio: History of Technology 1906: Lee DeForest refines the vacuum tube as the Audion (three elements); allows for amplification of the signal, increasing volume and distance. 1906: Reginald Fessenden sends first broadcast voice transmission (Westinghouse) from Brant Rock, MA. .

Popular Radio: Radio Corporation of America By 1914, Marconi Wireless of America dominates wireless telegraphy. In the wake of World War I, the U.S. government seizes all assets: patents and stations. In 1919, the government facilitates the formation of Radio Corporation of America, owned jointly by General Electric, Westinghouse, AT&T and the United Fruit Company to control wireless. David Sarnoff at the telegraph during the sinking of the Titanic. He is appointed general manager of RCA in 1921.

Popular Radio: The 1920s-1930s 1920: First licensed broadcast by KDKA, Pittsburgh (Frank Conrad for Westinghouse. 1922: First “commercial” broadcast (WEAF, NY) by AT&T, toll broadcasting. 1926: Establishment of NBC Red and Blue networks by RCA; AT&T gets out of broadcasting. 1927: Establishment of United Independent Broadcasters( becomes CBS with William Paley, 1928). 1934: Establishment of Mutual Broadcasting System (by remaining major independent stations).

Popular Radio: Legal Issues, 1912-1943 1912: First Radio Act in response to sinking of Titanic. 1919-1934: RCA is government monopoly in wireless. 1926-27: Government regulation of radio denied by Supreme Court: “Age of Chaos.” 1927: Radio Act establishes government regulation of radio: discretionary power 1934: Communications Act (F.C.C.) 1943: Duopoly Rules in wake of U.S. v. NBC. NBC forced to sell one network (Blue --> ABC) and CBS must loosen ties with affiliates.

Popular Radio: Programming 1920s-1930s: Development of most program formats: variety shows, dramas, series, serials (soap operas). Radio produces its own stars and programs, including Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy, Jack Benny and The Lone Ranger. 1938: Orson Welles’ Mercury Theater of the Air presents “War of the Worlds” demonstrating the power of radio. 1940s: Radio becomes dominant in breaking news during WW II. 1940s: First disk jockey programs (lack of musicians): Make Believe Ballroom

Popular Radio: Technology to present Transistor (1947): Radio becomes portable Frequency Modulation (FM) invented by Edwin Armstrong (1933): reduced static and regularized channel size; eventually allows for easy adoption of Stereo for FM broadcasting (1962). Satellite delivery (NPR, 1972) allows for increased ease of national program networking and syndication Digital Audio Broadcasting (1990s): Digitized signals deliver “CD quality” sound.

Popular Radio: Programming 1. Localization of programming: use of recorded music and disk jockeys; local news predominates. 2. Localization of advertising: National ads went to television. 3. Top 40 formats: Limited playlists (replicates a juke box). 4. Rock ‘n’ Roll and the youth market 5. Discovery of FM (1967, Non-duplication). 6. Specialization in formats, daypart (mornings and afternoons), new forms of networking (limited). 7. Rebirth of national programming (1980s): Satellite delivery to provide programs for smaller markets; esp., Talk radio, sports

Popular Radio: Current Trends 1. Ownership limits lifted (F.C.C. and Telecommunications Act of 1996 encourages concentration locally and nationally: Clear Channel) 2. Programming homogenization: Increased specialization within a few popular formats (rock, country, etc.) leads to little overall diversity in available music and informational programming. 3. Digital Audio Broadcasting: Will this form of signal delivery (better sound at increased use of electromagnetic spectrum) lead to the death of local radio broadcasting?