1. Research Paper Tips 1. RESEARCH QUESTION The role of theory 2. DEFINE YOUR TERMS industry v. cultural practice credible comparisons 3. IUCAT 4. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS: Popular Music Popular Music and Society 5. BUSINESS PRESS 6. TRADE JOURNALS 7.CHASING REFERENCES

2. Popular Radio: Programming ASCAP demands for compensation for radio “replays” begin in 1922 BMI is formed in 1937 (in operation by 1940) to provide competition for ASCAP: began with marginal musics such as C&W and “race” records. AFM fights any use of recordings in radio. Lea Act (1946) eliminated union demands for hiring unneeded musicians, union rules that did not permit amateur musicians and the use of transcriptions (recordings of programs 1940s: First disk jockey programs (lack of musicians): Make Believe Ballroom

3. Popular Radio: Technology to present Frequency Modulation (FM) invented by Edwin Armstrong (1933): reduced static and regularized channel size; eventually allows for easy adoption of Stereo for FM broadcasting (1962). Transistor (1947): Radio becomes portable Satellite delivery (NPR, 1972) allows for increased ease of national program networking and syndication Digital Audio Broadcasting (1990s): Digitized signals deliver “CD quality” sound.

4. Popular Radio: Programming 1. Localization of programming: use of recorded music and disk jockeys; local news predominates. 2. Localization of advertising: National ads went to television. 3. Top 40 formats: Limited playlists (replicates a juke box). 4. Rock ‘n’ Roll and the youth market 5. Discovery of FM (1967, Non-duplication). 6. Specialization in formats, daypart (mornings and afternoons), new forms of networking (limited). 7. Rebirth of national programming (1980s): Satellite delivery to provide programs for smaller markets; esp., Talk radio, sports 8. Internet radio (radio station-based and free-standing

6. UNDERGROUND FM Bob Fass with Abbie Hoffman on Radio Unameable (WBAI-FM)

7. 80s Hits New AC (NAC)/Smooth Jazz Active Rock New Country Adult Contemporary (AC) News/Talk/Information Adult Standards/MOR Nostalgia Album Adult Alternative (AAA) Oldies Album Oriented Rock (AOR) Other All News Pop Contemporary Hit Radio All Sports Religious Alternative Rhythmic Contemporary Hit Radio Children’s Radio Rhythmic Oldies Classical Soft AC Classic Country Southern Gospel Classic Hits Spanish Contemporary Classic Rock Spanish News/Talk Contemporary Christian Spanish Oldies Contemporary Inspirational Spanish Religious Country Spanish Tropical Easy Listening Spanish Variety Educational Talk/Personality Ethnic Tejano Gospel Urban AC Hot AC Urban Contemporary Jazz Urban Oldies Mexican Regional Variety Modern AC Radio Formats

8. Alternative Radio National Public Radio Community Radio (Pacifica, KRAB Nebula) Low Power FM Radio (LPFM) Pirate Radio

9. Popular Radio: Current Trends 1. Ownership limits lifted (F.C.C. and Telecommunications Act of 1996 encourages concentration locally and nationally: Clear Channel) 2.Programming homogenization: Increased specialization within a few popular formats (rock, country, etc.) leads to little overall diversity in available music and informational programming. 3.Satellite Radio: Will this form of signal delivery (better sound at increased use of electromagnetic spectrum) lead to the death of local radio broadcasting? 4.Digital Audio Broadcasting