1. Audio: Music and Talk Across Media
Chapter 7

2. Serial takes podcasting into the mainstream
Podcasts find a way to tell complex, long stories with audio.
Podcasts let listeners join in at any time during the series.
Smartphones make podcasts much easier to listen to.
NPR provides audio programming in many formats.

3. Storing Sound
1877: Edison invents phonograph, records sound on foil cylinders.
1888: Emile Berliner develops gramophone, plays music on mass produced discs.
1953: Hi-Fi is combination of technologies to create better music reproduction.

4. Signals at a Distance
1844: Samuel Morse’s telegraph allowed messages to be sent over wires.
1888: Theoretical work by Heinrich Hertz lays the groundwork for wireless telegraph.
1890s: Guglielmo Marconi develops wireless telegraph.
1905: Reginald Fessenden makes Christmas Eve broadcast with voices and music.

5. Radio Music Box Memo
Written in 1915 by American Marconi engineer David Sarnoff
Suggested major uses for radio as mass communication tool including news, music, and sports
More receivers than transmitters

6. RCA Monopoly
Created to bring together patents, develop radio as medium
Composed of General Electric, AT&T, Westinghouse, & United Fruit Company
Why United Fruit Company? Held many radio patents to communicate with ships carrying fruit.
1920: KDKA in Pittsburgh launched as first commercial radio station.

7. Growth of Radio Networks
Sarnoff saw NBC as source of programming.
William Paley saw CBS as advertising medium.
ABC was splintered off from NBC.

8. Golden Age of Radio Music
Drama Little Orphan Annie, The Lone Ranger, The Shadow
Soap operas Guiding Light started on radio in 1937, moved to television in 1952, ran until 2009.

9. Golden Age of Radio Amos ‘n’ Andy
Started in 1926, became most popular show on radio.
Story of two African American men; writers/actors were white.
Controversial, but popular with both black and white audiences; portrayed black middle class.

10. The BBC
British Broadcasting Company created as public service in the 1920s.
During World War II was international voice against Nazis, transmitting to global audiences on shortwave.
Current BBC reaches 95 percent of world’s population, uses online as well as FM, shortwave, and satellite.

11. Radio’s New Look
HD tried to bring new life to broadcast radio, but few receivers; to date a commercial failure.
Satellite Radio – XM and Sirius merge. Single service more successful.
Mobile streaming increasingly used in vehicles.

12. Online & Mobile Audio
Streaming audio – Can be connected to conventional radio stations/networks or online-only services (Pandora, Spotify, Apple Music).
Podcasting – Portable audio you can download to a device and take with you.
Podcasts bring programing from both the short head and the long tail.

13. Rock ‘n’ Roll & Musical Integration
Race Records: Rhythm & blues
Hillbilly music
Rock ‘n’ roll
1950s: Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry
Dewey Phillips attracted multi-racial audience for Red, Hot & Blue radio show.
1950s & 60s: Motown & girl groups
Music helped to drive the civil rights movement.

14. British Invasion A 'rougher edge' sound from British bands The Beatles
The Rolling Stones
The Who
Dusty Springfield
Many others

15. Role of Producers What does a producer do? Rise of concept albums
Growing role of producer with disco

16. Hip-Hop Culture MCing – Rapping over recorded music.
DJing – Playing recorded music from multiple sources.
B-boying – Hip-hop dancing, often referred to as breakdancing.
Graffiti art – The visual images of the culture.
Hip-hop gives voice to protest movements around the world.

17. Country Music Grew out of folk, hillbilly, and “old timey” music
Songs often relay a story about people in suburban or rural settings.
Revitalized in 1980 by movie Urban Cowboy

18. Girl Talk & Musical Mash-ups
Mash-up artists create new music by combining samples from multiple musical sources.
Typically these are not licensed and may be infringing on copyright.
Mash-ups often depend on long-tail distribution.

19. Finding a Niche: Popular Radio Formats
News/Talk %
Pop Contemporary Hit Radio %
Country %
Adult Contemporary %
Hot Adult Contemporary %

20. Radio Business: Talk Radio
Political talk radio Most political talk is conservative; Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity most popular.
Shock Jocks Howard Stern, Bubba the Love Sponge
All-sports radio Passionate listeners who won’t change channel

21. Public Radio NPR founded in 1967.
All Things Considered goes on the air in 1971.
NPR’s Morning Edition news show has bigger audience than any of the morning TV programs.
NPR’s website is key part of network’s strategy.
Is no longer National Public Radio, just NPR

22. Effects of Music on Young People
There have always been concerns about effects of lyrics on young people.
Adults and young adults have different interpretations of lyrics and meanings.
Hip-hop has attracted lots of controversy.
Adults maintain connections with music from their youth.

23. The Changing Musical Experience
Death of social music, played and performed in home for entertainment, with the invention of phonograph and the rise radio
Rise of “personal soundtrack” with Sony Walkman, then iPod & other MP3 players
Can lead to “withdrawal from social connections”

24. Rise of Digital Music LPs versus 45s
With analog recordings, quality of copies degrades with each generation
Digital recordings allow consumers to make perfect copies.
CDs introduced in early 1980s, sold for premium price

25. Consequences of Digital Music
Consumers “share” music over the Internet, possible violations of copyright law.
Artists can use Internet to promote music directly to consumers, bypassing record labels and moving to “long tail.”

26. Radio Consolidation
Broadcast ownership largely deregulated with Telecommunications Act of 1996.
Prior to 1985, could own no more than 7 AM and 7 FM stations nation-wide.
After 1996, could own unlimited number of radio stations.
By 2003, Clear Channel owned 1,200+ stations. As of 2014, renamed iHeartMedia, owned 862 stations.

27. Media Transformations: Radio without Radio
Audio shows no longer need radio stations to get widespread distribution
Podcasting gives both senders and receivers new opportunities for programming
What can we hear (see, watch) if we get away from legacy media?

28. New Economic Models for Music Industry
CD sales declining
Pirating and illegal file-sharing common
Artists seeking new ways to make money
Touring, sale of merchandise, commercial endorsements, direct sales of music to consumers are all options