Air Capture & Carbon Negative Technology™ Economics & Engineering Graciela Chichilnisky -- www.chichilnisky.com Columbia University and Global Thermostat – www.globalthermostat.com Cambridge University October 17 2012

A Human Dominated World Human Beings are today the largest geological force in the planet We are changing the planet’s atmosphere, its body of waters, and the complex web of species that makes life on earth Climate Change?

The Anthropocene The Bretton Woods Institutions after WWII led to The change we are producing will be read in rock formations for thousands of years Geologists define a new geological era - the ‘Anthropocene’ – follows the Holocene – starting 1945 The Bretton Woods Institutions after WWII led to Globalization of Western Economics

Global Risks Avoiding Extinction Climate Change Biodiversity Extinction Clean Water scarcity Life in the Seas going extinct Avoiding Extinction

Are Humans Next? Clean Energy is the Only Solution Need Action Now Waited too long Industrial economies 20% of world population cause most of world’s C02 emissions – the North Energy from fossil fuels 45% of global emissions $55 Trillion Infrastructure 89% based on fossil fuels (IEA) Clean Energy is the Only Solution

Sources: Earthtrends Database of the World Resource Institute (WRI) http://earthtrends.wri.org/ Columbia Consortium for Risk Management (CCRM) www.columbiariskmanagement.net

Advocating Sustainable Development The North and the South Since 2000, developing nations that did not yet complete their industrialization are the engine of growth of the world economy – the South Developing nations are for the first time the largest growth sector in the world economy – largest emitters in the future? Creation of G-20 in 2009: Advocating Sustainable Development

GDP and Carbon Emissions Source: World Bank (2009) and UN Millennium Development Goals Database (2009) Columbia Consortium for Risk Management (CCRM) www.columbiariskmanagement.net

GDP and Carbon Emissions Source: World Bank (2009) and UN Millennium Development Goals Database (2009) Columbia Consortium for Risk Management (CCRM) www.columbiariskmanagement.net

Present & Future Energy Demand 15 TW: Current use Double global use by 2030 10 fold increase by end of XXI Century (IEA) The World Needs More Energy Today Energy = CO2 Emissions

Sustainable Economics 2009 The newly created G-20 requires change: a Sustainable World Economy How to do it

Changes Articulated by the United Nations Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol Carbon Market International Law since 2005 Compulsory Carbon Markets now exist in 4 continents: EU ETS, Japan, Australia & California USA

December 2011: Kyoto Protocol extended 3 years in Durban COP 17 Existing KP limits valid until 2015 New global emission limits pledged for 2020

The Carbon Market - by its author - What is it? What it is not

Emission Limits are the basis of Carbon Market How does it Work CHANGES THE ENTIRE GLOBAL ECONOMY $25/TON EMITTED CARBON PRICES ARE THE Missing Signal Carbon Makes Clean Energy profitable Dirty Energy expensive and Undesirable Dirty pays clean – ZERO overall costs

Provides the Missing Signal If we destroy all trees & make toilet paper our economy improves – why? Because Toilet Paper has Market Value & Trees do not. We lack Market Prices New Market prices = New Values New costs and New benefits The Carbon Market Provides the Missing Signal 1997: KP Placed Limits on industrial emissions 2005: KP Carbon Market International Law

New Markets SO2 market in CBOT – successful & 20 years old New markets for water and for biodiversity (Chichilnisky (1992, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2009, 2010, 2011)

The Carbon Market Reduced 37% EU emissions Trades $215 Bn/year EU ETS Reduced 37% EU emissions CDM transferred $50 Bn for clean energy projects in poor nations Changes US$55 Trillion energy infrastructure

Carbon Market Links to Global Economy Link to Energy Everything is made with energy Economic growth = Energy Use Link to Energy Carbon Market provides Missing Signal New Market Prices = New Values

Closing the Carbon Cycle FOCUS of Carbon Market Capping Emissions We can’t get there without emissions reductions Markets for trading a Global Public Good: Compensates bringing down Atmospheric CO2 Creating Equity and Efficiency Closing the Carbon Cycle

Where are We? What comes Next?

What to do? Changing International Law Changing Economics We may just have to do it For the survival of our Species

Change International Law Basic Needs 1974 This author created Basic Needs within the Bariloche Model of the World Economy 1002 The new concept of Basic Needs becomes the basis of Sustainable Development and is voted by 150 nations at UN Earth Summit in Rio Brazil 2009 G-20 adopts Sustainable Development Sustainable Development

Change International Law The Carbon Market 1997 The Carbon Market - designed and written by the author into the UN Kyoto Protocol - international law since 2005 Since 2005 Productive clean CDM transfers to developing nations $50 Bn 2012 EU ETS Trades $215 Bn/year, decreased 37% EU emissions since it became law Makes profitable the use of clean energy for the production of all goods and services Changes the energy foundation of the Global Economy China ratified the Kyoto Protocol and since 2005 leads the World in Solar and Wind markets US did not and we are left behind in clean technology

Change International Law The Green Power Fund 1997 Sustainable Development requires Carbon Negative Technology™ $200Bn/year private public Green Power Fund to support Sustainable Development in the short and the long term – and change the global energy industry Uses Kyoto Protocol and its Carbon Market to fund Carbon Negative Power Plants - in LA. Africa & 43 Small Island States 2009 GPF Created by the author in Copenhagen COP 15 2011 Partially approved as the $200 Bn/year Green Climate Fund in Durban COP17 December 2011

New types of Markets = New GDP Market economics can be made consistent with sustainable goals But markets themselves must change Individualistic markets must evolve into new types of markets that I postulated - markets for the global commons – which incorporate connections between people and value Valuing the Global Commons They are slowly emerging due to new scarcities: carbon market I created within the Kyoto Protocol, international law since 2005 trading $200Bn/year; SO2 markets in CBOT, new markets for water and for biodiversity - Chichilnisky 1992, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2009, 2010, 2011, Chichilnisky Heal and Starrett 1994, Chichilnisky & Heal 2000 New Global Markets value privately produced public goods: the Global Commons

Green Capitalism in the 21st Century The basis exists: international law and new economics Theoretically and in practice New markets for the global commons, new growth theory, new cost benefit analysis and new GDP measures, new international law New international law – self-funded and creating economic value (Kyoto Protocol)

The Global Commons New Economics From maximizing profits to economic progress that ensures survival of our species

Technology Urgently Needed To Reduce Carbon from the Atmosphere In a Profitable Way The Word needs Energy CLEAN ENERGY FOR DEVELOPING NATIONS

Why Carbon Negative Technology™ Carbon Neutral is not enough Neutralizing emissions does not prevent further increases in atmospheric CO2 Even the most aggressive efficiency improvements and renewables adoption are unlikely to keep CO2 concentration at the generally agreed 450ppm to avoid catastrophic climate risk Negative Carbon is the solution1 Air capture enables direct and rapid reduction of CO2 concentration GT allows for the capture of even more CO2 than we are loading into the atmosphere or that the earth’s systems can absorb – Negative Carbon GT’s technology directly reduces carbon concentration in the air, making carbon negative possible 1 United Nations Headquarters, New York, November 12, 2009. Presentation by G. Chichilnisky on "The Rising Tide at Copenhagen: A Win-Win Solution for Industrialized and Developing Nations“ Global Thermostat Company Confidential

Engineering: Closing the Carbon Cycle for Sustainability A Key Strategy for Environmental Protection, Energy Security, and Economic Development The main message of my presentation is that one cannot have sustainability without us hunans Closing the Carbon Cycle , by which is meant the carbon in our fuel comes from the air just as the carbon for the energy of life comes from the air. This promotes sustainability because there is no net impact on the planets carbon balance , the input to energy being the air is more equitably distributed promoting energy security and economic development. The green power fund can provide the market stimulus to trigger this virtuous cycle.

Global Thermostat GT creates Carbon Negative Power Plants™ More Energy for Development While Cleaning the Atmosphere GT Transforms the worse emitters – the fossil power plants - into carbon sinks GT technology makes solar plants more profitable and even faster carbon sinks

Closing the Carbon Cycle™ GT Technology Captures Carbon from Air Inexpensive: Uses Low Process Heat Cogenerates Power Production with Carbon Capture With GT the More Power is Produced – the More Carbon is Reduced Makes Coal Plants Carbon Negative Makes Solar Power Plants even more Carbon Negative

Markets for Captured CO2 Storage Enhanced Oil Recovery* Algae-Based Biofuels* Hydrogen-Based Fuels Products cement, fertilizer, plastics, greenhouses *EOR and Algae-based biofuels represent most significant opportunities for commercial applications of CO2 captured using GT’s technology Global Thermostat Company Confidential

Global Thermostat: Captures CO2 from Air Transforms CO2 from a Global Threat Into A Massive Profit Opportunity Benefits the Environment globalthermostat Company Confidential 2

Transforms Energy and Fuel Markets Enables National Security Global Thermostat: Transforms Energy and Fuel Markets Enables National Security & Economic Development Turns CO2 from a global liability and pollutant into a profit center and source of clean fuel Closing the Carbon CycleSM globalthermostat Company Confidential 3

Leadership Team Graciela Chichilnisky Peter Eisenberger Managing Edgar Director World leading economist, entrepreneur, inventor, & executive Founder CEO of FITEL & Cross Border Exchange, financial technology companies Authored carbon market of Kyoto Protocol (EU ETS), and formal theory of Sustainable Development PhDs (2) in Mathematics and in Economics, MIT and UC Berkeley Tenured Professor Columbia University, previously Harvard & Stanford Peter Eisenberger Managing Leading physicist, R&D energy executive - 20 year career as head of R&D at Bell Labs and Director EXXON Global R&D, Vice Provost Columbia University Expertise in innovation around CO2 - renewable gasoline, chemicals, materials Founding Director Princeton University Materials Institute Founding Director Columbia University Earth Institute Edgar Bronfman, Jr. Chairman Chairman, Endeavor Global General Partner, Accretive LLC Former President and CEO of the Seagram Company Former Chairman and CEO, Warner Music Group Recently and successfully sold Warner for $3.3 billion Leadership Team Key Advisors Ed Hotard Former COO, Praxair Eric (Ric) Redman President, Summit Power Ron Chance Emeritus Science Advisor, Exxon Rocco Fiato Accelergy, Exxon Richard Kauffman CEO, Energies Nicholas Eisenberger Pure Energy Partners Ben Bronfman Global Thermostat Chris Jones Georgia Tech Roger Cohen Ex-Exxon Michael Fleisher Bain, Gartner Eric Redman Sasha Mackler Summit Power globalthermostat Company Confidential 11

CO2 Management and Commercialization

GT Pilot at SRI - October 1, 2010 – Commercial Demonstration Fall 2012 globalthermostat Company Confidential 16

September 2012 Cost Breakthrough Modular Design Flexible Integration First Commercial Demonstration Plant at SRI Commenced March 2012 - TRL 9 expected Fall 2012 Uses heat from SRI Co-gen Power Plant GT Tandem + Carburetor lowest cost embodiment full integration Cost Breakthrough Powered by low-cost, process heat from SRI Co-gen Plant Eliminates transportation costs Modular Design 5,000-1,000,000 tons CO2/year Locates anywhere with 100 C heat source Flexible Integration Into Legacy or New Industrial Facilities Carbon Negative Solution Captures more CO2 from SRI fossil fuel Co-gen power plants than is emitted by plant Global Thermostat Company Confidential

Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL Snapshot of carbon cycle Note positve input of humans of 6 gigatonnes of carbon about 24 gigatonnes of co2 Note large fluxes of co2 between the land and air and the sea and air – natural balance today is to reduce co2 –global cooling period Note today 3-2 gigatonnes of our contribution adsorbed by rest of system that will change over time could aggravate problem grealty –would effecively double the rate of increase- nature changes the balance on its own and destructively so But even in this fortunate situation our current approach will not work Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

Closing the Carbon Cycle You need to know where you are going to get there… Sustainability Requires Humans Close the Carbon Cycle Climate Sustainability Energy Security Economic Development A Human System that Closes The Carbon Cycle Flexibility in location of sources and sinks Connectivity between different components Serve both todays fossil fuel and tomorrows renewables Consistent with existing infrastructure Provide net carbon negative technologies to offset carbon emitters Value carbon so as to support positive feedbacks New types of cooperation between countries and companies Point out –three virtous feedbacks A human system that mimics the natural carbon cycle would have the attributes listed Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

Current Approaches to Climate Change “Wedges” approach a good start… Sensible, diversified strategy based on existing pathways Portfolio of renewable energy and efficiency technologies Potential to keep CO2 below 500ppm (still 2x pre-indust. level) But may not be enough to avoid climate change… Depends on continued net natural absorption rate Does not address 2000’s already elevated emissions Underestimates projected growth rate by factor of two No solution past 2055 Climate will change destructively on its own Earth history has many climate disasters New York City under a 1 mile high ice sheet 2005 pacala and socolow As a detailed analysis shows will not prevent co2 from increasing –bathtub model A safe, effective, and affordable solution to climate change is still urgently needed Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL Emissions Scenarios… Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL Future Atmospheric Concentrations… Too small Maybe bullet or two Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL What Carbon Negative Can Achieve… Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL The Cost of Atmospheric CO2… Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

The Need for Going Carbon Negative… Carbon Neutral is not enough Neutralizing new and existing emissions does not prevent atmospheric concentration of CO2 from further increasing It doesn’t solve the climate risk problem (reducing atmospheric concentrations below 500 ppm) Carbon-Negative Required To reduce atmospheric concentrations faster than the natural absorption rate To achieve a safe level of CO2 concentration Air Capture Can Make Going Carbon Negative Possible Business as usual 7 Wedges (aggressive renewable energy use, efficiency, point-source sequestration) Negative Carbon Technology (such as Global Thermostat) with aggressive renewable energy Bathtub explanation –will not solve climate problem or address underlying energy security and economic development components of sustainability Pacala and Socolow, Science, Vol 305, 8/13/2004, Pg 969. Note: 7 Wedges refers to the seven stabilization wedges, created by Wigley, Richels & Edmonds, necessary to achieve an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of 500 ppm by 2125. Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

A Sustainable Solution Close the carbon cycle –CO2 from air to make the energy we need- ENERGY SECURITY FOR ALL AIR AND WATER MORE EQUABLY DISTRIBUTED CONTROL HUMAN CO2 INPUT TO CARBON CYCLE TEMPERATURE CONTROL GREEN ENERGY FUND STIMULATES ECONOMIC GROWTH STIMULATES TRANSITION TO CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE MONETIZE THE CO2 SO IT IS A VALUABLE AND NOT A POLLUTANT What are the options? What are the useful products and fuels we can create Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

Renewable 95: Closing the Carbon Cycle CONVERTING CO2 FROM AIR & HYDROGEN FROM WATER TO 95 OCTANE GASOLINE Water Vapor and CO2 CO2 Capture & Hydrogen Conversion Tech pathways to harvest atmosphere—create value in closed loop 95 Octane Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

GT Project with Algae Systems GT is developing a fully-integrated biorefinery through a partnership with Algae Systems Produces carbon negative transportation fuels (diesel, jet, etc) Treats municipal wastewater and produces drinking water Generates green electricity and biochar fertilizers Desalination CO2 Wastewater Algae Production Dewatering Fuel Production Fuels, Electricity & Biochar Treated Drinking Water Solar Energy This unique combination of technologies provides critical municipal services while producing energy in an embodiment that is As Green As It Gets Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

Geothermal Electricity + CO2 Collaboration with Green Fire Energy Uses CO2 instead of water 10-20% of circulating CO2 sequestered Using CO2 captured by Global Thermostat Location flexibility of air capture Economic advantage of locating near use Increased geothermal locations accessible Produces Carbon Negative electricity Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE FOR ENERGY, ECONOMIC, AND CLIMATE SUSTAINABILITY

Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL Our goal is to provide technology to: Facilitate the transition to a renewable future Our Carburetor Technology to Clean Fossil Fuel Sources Provide carbon for the renewable energy future Our Direct Air Capture Technology to Close the Carbon Cycle Provide a common technology platform Connects air and concentrated CO2 sources Make money by doing good We seek and welcome partners They have already been essential to our efforts We are committed to broad dissemination Licensing model Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL How GT Technology Works “GT CARBON SPONGE” Patented Carbon Sponge: porous block coated with proprietary amine sorbents Ambient air and/or flue gas goes through and binds to sorbent Carbon Sponge lowers into sealed chamber Low temperature process heat releases pure CO2 gas for collection And the cycle restarts… Compare to other slide show Pipes to oil well, algae, etc. Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL 56 56

Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL Technology Operation Ambient air OR Air-flue gas blend Step 1 Air Input Monolith Contactors + Sorbent “Cartridge” GT Module GT uses Corning monolith contactors similar to those in your cars tailpipe Contactors provide high surface contact areas at low pressure drop Enables movement of large volumes of air with effective contact of CO2 at low cost 40 minute cycle Adsorption Phase Remove 20:1 Regeneration Phase Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL 57 57

Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL Technology Operation Ambient air OR Air-flue gas blend Step 2 CO2 Capture Monolith Contactors + Sorbent “Cartridge” GT Module GT sorbents proven highly effective by Georgia Tech - confirmed by SRI, BASF, and NETL BASF process to deposit immobilized amines in pores of the contactor walls at high loading Dramatically reduces heat required compared to liquid based CCS Adsorption Phase Regeneration Phase Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL 58 58

Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL Technology Operation Step 3 Regeneration Monolith Contactors + Sorbent “Cartridge” GT Module CO2-rich sorbent is heated with low-temperature process heat (90-105C) steam CO2 is collected and sorbent is regenerated CO2 can be stored or used in multiple commercial applications 4 - 10 minute cycle Adsorption Phase Regeneration Phase 105C Steam CO2 Collection Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL 59 59

For Sustainable Carbon-Based Life: Close the Carbon Cycle… Closing the Carbon Cycle is Key For Sustainable Carbon-Based Life: Close the Carbon Cycle… Need Direct Air Capture Carbon for a sustainable renewable energy future Flexibility to provide sources and sinks Need Negative Carbon Climate Security Need Carburetor for transition Short term carbon free products Long term carbon negative products Need a Green Energy Fund Global Economic Sustainability Use shorter titles and then have lead in statements Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

The Global Thermostat CO2 CAPTURE Carbon dioxide concentration decreasing CO2 CAPTURE ENERGY Atmosphere 800

Contact Graciela Chichilnisky Co-Founder and Managing Director chichilnisky1@gmail.com Peter Eisenberger peter.eisenberger@gmail.com Global Thermostat Confidential 62 62

A Game Changing Company Transforms Energy and Fuel Markets Enables National Security & Economic Development Turns CO2 from a global liability and pollutant into a profit center & source of clean fuel Closing the Carbon CycleSM Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 8