Key Concepts What are two major causes of genetic disorders in humans? How do geneticists trace the inheritance of traits? How are genetic disorders diagnosed and treated?

Key Terms Genetic disorder Karyotype pedigree

Causes of Genetic Disorders Genetic disorder – abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes Some are caused by mutations in the DNA of genes Others are caused by changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes

Cystic Fibrosis Body produces abnormally thick mucus in the lungs and intestines The thick mucus fills the lungs making it hard to breathe Caused by recessive allele on one chromosome that is the result of a mutation in which 3 base pairs are removed from a DNA molecule

Sickle- Cell Disease Affects hemoglobin, protein in blood that carries O2 When o2 concentrations are low blood cells have a sickle shape The sickle shape can clog blood vessels and cannot carry as much O2 as normal shaped red blood cells The allele is codominant with normal allele A person with 2 sickle shaped alleles will have the disease One allele and the person will produce both normal and sickle shaped cells. These people will not usually have symptoms of the disease

Hemophilia A person’s blood clots very slowly or not at all Do not produce one of the proteins needed for normal blood clotting Small bumps and bruises may cause internal bleeding that can’t be controlled Caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome Sex-linked disorder – occurs more frequently in males

Down Syndrome Trisomy 21 Have an extra copy of chromosome 21 (instead of a pair the person has 3 copies) Most often occurs when chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis Have some degree of mental retardation. Heart defects are also common, but can be treated

Managing Genetic Disorders Doctors used to only have Punnett Squares and pedigrees to help predict genetic disorders Now they have tools such as karyotypes to help diagnose genetic disorders People with genetic disorders can be helped through medical care, education, job training, and other methods

Karyotypes Picture of all the chromosomes in a cell Arranged in pairs Can reveal whether a person has the correct number of chromosomes

Genetic Counseling A couple with a family history of a genetic disorder can go to a genetic counselor for advice Help couples understand their chances of having a child with a particular genetic disorder

Dealing with Genetic Disorders Medical treatments help people with some disorders Ex. Physical therapy helps remove mucus from the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis Taking Folic Acid helps people with sickle-cell disease make more red blood cells Education and job training helps people with Down Syndrome find work in a variety of places of employment