Aflatoxins in Ethiopia Alemayehu Chala (PhD, Hawassa University) Usha Kulkarni (PhD, Mekelle University)

Background Ethiopia 18 major and 49 sub agro-ecological zones Various crops are produced EARO, 1999 Total crop production (2008/09) 17.12 million tones on 12.4 million ha (11.3% of total area) Total crop production (2010/11) 22.5 million tones on 13.5 million ha Very low productivity 5/11/2019

Aflatoxins affect at all levels of value chain systems

Status of Aflatoxin in Ethiopia Endemic in the country, due to predisposing pre and post harvest factors: Frequent end season drought (soil water stress) Lack of resistant varieties??? Harvesting methods Storage facility and conditions (sanitary level, pest, moisture level….) Low or limited knowledge of Aflatoxin by value chain actors Lack of regulation framework and monitoring facilities both at National and Regional level- Zero protocols, standards and regulations Limited research/lab facilities and trained personnel

Institutions with food safety related activities Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Health Ethiopian Standards Authority Institute of Nutrition Food processing industry Universities and research institutes

Recent activities in Ethiopia Survey Laboratory analysis of samples Mycological Toxin analysis Field experiments 5/11/2019

Laboratory capacity Hilina Food Processing Company Ethiopian Standards Authority Nutrition Institute Universities??

Earlier reports A mean levels of aflatoxin B1 of 34.7 and 105 µg/kg in samples of groundnut and peanut butter, respectively (Besrat & Gebre, 1981) Aflatoxin levels of 5 to 250 µg/kg in groundnut seeds (Ayalew et al., 1995).

Total aflatoxin contamination of samples from East Ethiopia (Chala et al., 2013) District Positive sample Negative sample Total Babile 34 5 39 Darolabu 35 40 Gursum 24 17 41 93 27 120 5/11/2019

Aflatoxin concentration in groundnut samples from East Ethiopia (Chala et al., 2013) District Store (µg/kg) Market (µg/kg) Babile 293 - 11,865 15 - 9765 Darolabu 15 - 4939 15 - 1977 Gursum 15 - 5563 16 - 10087 EU limit: 4 µg/kg FAO/WHO: 15 (µg/kg) 5/11/2019

Total aflatoxin level in selected groundnut varieties in southern Ethiopia (Chala et al., 2012)   Aflatoxin (ppb) Variety No. of fields Range Mean NC-4x 6 0-2.13 0.78 NC-343 5 0.66-3.14 1.71 Roba 0-5.97 2.04 Sedi 9 0-2.96 0.62 Lote 7 0-2.68 0.85 Bulki 0-12.71 3.01 Werer-961 0-14.81 2.96 Werer-962 0-7.36 2.33 Werer-963 0-1.82 0.30 Werer-964 0-4.72 1.80 Tole-1 0-3.38 0.57 Tole-2 0-3.14 0.77 Fayo 0-14.08 3.85 Fetan 0-7.86 2.74 5/11/2019

Conclusion and recommendation Total aflatoxin recorded from each of the survey districts exceeds international standards The current results should also serve as a wakeup call to create awareness on the aflatoxin problem in the country and possible remedies Such studies will contribute to understand the full extent of the problem and also to work on appropriate control measures 5/11/2019

Conclusion and recommendation cont. Regular monitoring/ surveillance is needed PACA’s role Contribute in developing standard protocols for the region More awareness creation to improve the perception towards toxigenic fungi and associated mycotoxins 5/11/2019

Conclusion and recommendation cont. Focus on Adjusting planting and harvesting dates Sanitation of fields and stores Sorting out damaged kernels Proper storage conditions Biological control Education and regulation for safe groundnut production and processing 5/11/2019

Metabolites present in sorghum samples (N=70 for Sorghum and 34 for finger millets) Analyte Sorghum Finger millet Major mycotoxins and derivatives 16 11 Fusarium metabolites 17 13 Aflatoxin precursors 8 Alternaria metabolites 6 Other Aspergillus metabolites 7 Penicillium metabolites 5 Unspefic metabolites Bacterial metabolites 4 Total 84 62

Opportunities and Invitation to PACA Design a model of integrating Agriculture, Nutrition and Public Health (consumption level) and Hospital based strategies to combat Aflatoxins Private Public Partnership /investments in sophisticated infrastructure to manage outbreaks, monitor health risks, establish regulations and standards Role of universities in PACA- Systematic research and dissemination Filling up Critical Capacity Buildings in the area of FOOD SAFETY; Deepening of awareness of all stakeholders right from communities to Policy makers ; Awareness creations Strategies for Integrated approach to develop capacity of Health Extension Workers & Agriculture Extension Workers Assessment

Aflatoxins Control in Ethiopia from Nutrition and Health Perspective Nutrition Education Programs and capacity building of Health Extension Workers and mothers development army at the community level Behavior change Communication strategies and IEC materials combined with Awareness Creation campaigns Inclusion of course materials on dangers of Aflatoxins on children, Opportunistic infections with HIV aids into Public health/Nutrition curriculum Nutrition Screening, cooking/recipe demonstration and low cost diagnostic nutrition and food science lab in conjunction with Agriculture research in Aflatoxins Designing One Health Concept: Human and Animal Nutrition to control Hospital based studies in determining aflatoxin level using human blood biomarkers

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