UNIT-I BA-2 SEMESTER By: DR. DIVYA MONGA PERSONALITY UNIT-I BA-2 SEMESTER By: DR. DIVYA MONGA

Origin Of The Word Greek word ‘persona’ (mask): character represented in a play. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

What is Personality? Personality an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Personality refers to a person’s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns; the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Defining Some Terms Personality: A person’s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns; the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become Character: Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and adaptability Personality Trait: Stable qualities that a person shows in most situations Personality Type: People who have several traits in common Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Personality Types and Other Concepts Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian disciple, believed that we are one of two personality types: Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose attention is focused inward Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward Self-Concept: Your ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are Self-Esteem: How we evaluate ourselves; a positive self- evaluation of ourselves Low Self-esteem: A negative self-evaluation Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Personality Theories: An Overview Personality Theory: System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality; includes five perspectives: Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles Behavioristic Theories: Focus on external environment and on effects of conditioning and learning Social Learning Theories: Attribute differences in perspectives to socialization, expectations, and mental processes Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Trait Theories Trait theorists aim to describe personality with a small number of traits or factors Personality trait—stable quality a person shows across most situations Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Hans Eysneck’sTrait Theory Eysenck (1947) found that behavior could be represented by two dimensions: Introversion / Extroversion (E); Neuroticism / Stability (N). According to Eysenck, the two dimensions of neuroticism (stable vs. unstable) and introversion-extroversion combine to form a variety of personality characteristics. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

The Trait Perspective…. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

The “Big Five” Personality Factors (McCrae & Costa, 2001) Openness to Experience Conscientious Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

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Questions about the Big Five 1. How stable are these traits? Quite stable in adulthood. However, they change over development. 2. How heritable are they? Fifty percent or so for each trait. 3. How about other cultures? These traits are common across cultures. 4. Can they predict other personal attributes? Yes. Conscientious people are morning type and extraverted are evening type. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

The Psychoanalytic Theory Fathered by Sigmund Freud. Lived 1856 – 1939 Freud’s theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Our Personality Conscious- things we are aware of. Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our desires and fears. Id Superego Ego Conscious mind Unconscious mind Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Structure of personality Freud saw personality as 3 mental structures: Id Ego Superego Idea of the Libido moving to different parts of our body. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

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Other concepts Psychoanalysis Free association Defense mechanism Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Humanistic Personality Theory Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals. The object of humans is to become self- actualized. To grow into healthy humans we need: genuineness acceptance empathy Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Unconditional Positive Regard an attitude of total acceptance toward another person Self-Concept all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?” Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Measurement of Personality Personality assessment involves the techniques for systematically gathering information about a person in order to understand and predict behavior. Self-report measures Projective techniques Behavioural assessment. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

1. Self-report Most common way is self-report inventories. MMPI- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Test must be Reliable- does it yield the same results over time. Valid- does it measure what it is supposed to measure. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

2. Projective Techniques A projective personality test is one in which the subject is given an ambiguous stimulus and asked to respond spontaneously. pictures or inkblots. No clear answer. These techniques helps the respondents to project his own attitude and feelings unconsciously on the subject under study. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

The 2 most frequently used projective tests are: The Rorschach: reactions to inkblots are employed to classify personality types. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): stories about ambiguous pictures are used to draw inferences about the storyteller’s personality. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

3. Behavioral Assessment Behavioral Assessment refers to recording the frequency of specific behaviors. It is a method used in the field of psychology to observe, describe, explain, predict and sometimes correct behaviour. Behavioural assessment can be useful in clinical, educational and corporate settings. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

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