Phonology & Morphology Review Syntax Pronunciation Practice 22 March 2014 Mariana DeLuca, Gilmara Johnson, Carolyn Singleton, Stacy Feldstein

Phonology Review

1. What kinds of words frequently occur in a reduced form in natural speech? Unaccented function words, part of phrase (not used in formal speech/writing) going to = gonna want to = wanna ought to = outta should have = shouldda … of = kinda, sortta

2. What types of utterance have a rising intonation pattern? Yes/No Questions Are you going to the party? I don’t speak Chinese... do you? Would you like some coffee? http://usefulenglish.ru/phonetics/rising- intonation

2. http://usefulenglish.ru/phonetics/rising-intonation

Noun/verb? Using part of speech 3. What is an activity that could help ELLs identify word stress patterns in English? Noun/verb? Using part of speech present May I present my latest work? (••) This is a great present. (••) record I want to record my new song. (••) He didn’t have a record of my call. (••) export, contract, object, report, conduct, desert, suspect

4. If an ELL consistently pronounces [z] as [s], how can a teacher help the student learn to correct the error? http://www.grammar.cl/english/ pronunciation-final-s.htm

5. What is one sound in English that is typically problematic for speakers of each of the following languages? a. Arabic pronounce /r/ as [ɹ] Speakers tend to have difficulty pronouncing /p/. b. Spanish merge /tʃ/ with /ʃ/, and /dʒ, ʒ/ with /j/, /ð/ and /d/,/v/ and /b/ often a word beginning with [s] + consonant will obtain an epenthetic vowel (typically [e̞]) to make stomp pronounced [e̞sˈto̞mp] rather than [sto̞mp] c. Mandarin the absence of the English sound such as /v/, and /th/ (Students may pronounce /v/ as /w/ in a word like "very", and may pronounce /th/ as /s/ or /z/ in words such as "tooth", "they" etc.)

Syntax

Syntax and Semantics:Sentence Patterns of Language and How We “mean what we say” Stacy Feldstein, M.A.T.

Semantics study of: Meaning Idioms

Semantics study of meaning table Often we, as native speakers of a language, fail to perceive ambiguity or multiple meaning words, such as “table.” As we work with English Language Learners in our classroom, it is necessary to cultivate an awareness of potential pitfalls with multiple meaning words.

Semantics Idioms (Non-literal expressions)

Semantics Figurative Language I’ve told you a million times to clean your room! Her head was spinning from all the new information. Think outside the box!

What is syntax? " The part of grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of sentences and their structures..." (p. 77)

Syntax sentence formation study of sentence structure

Ambiguity p. 78-79 "The captain ordered all old men and women off the sinking ship."

What do we know about English syntax? Subject-Verb-Object: a grammatical sentence The President nominated a new Supreme Court justice.

What do we know about English syntax? An ungrammatical sentence: *President the new Supreme justice Court a nominated. Rules of syntax are imbedded in our minds and guide us subconsciously to group words into meaningful phrases and sentences!

Grammatical or Ungrammatical? The boy found. The boy found quickly. The boy found in the house. The boy found the ball. Dina slept the baby Dina slept soundly.

Lexical Categories in English Nouns (person, place, or thing) Verbs (express action or being) Adjectives (describe nouns) Adverbs (describe adjectives and verbs) Determiners (the = definite article, a, an= indef. article) Prepositions (express location and function) to, for, in, on, at, of with

Diagramming p. 82

Diagramming, continued p. 92

Diagramming, continued

Grammatical relations of sentences What's the subject? What's the direct object?

Grammatical relations of sentences What's the subject? What's the direct object? How will rearranging them change meaning? Your dog chased my cat. My cat chased your dog.

Arranging words to create meaning The Mad Hatter of Alice in Wonderland 1. I mean what I say. 2. I say what I mean.

English Syntax Declarative (statements) Interrogative (questions) S-V-O I eat pizza. Interrogative (questions) Modal verb – subject – verb – object ? Does Tara eat pizza? Adjectives are placed before nouns: hot pizza

Syntactical Difficulties for ELLs Question formation Adjective placement Modal verbs (do, will, could, would) Passive voice The cake was eaten.

Test questions on syntax (1,4,6,7,8,9,10,94,106)