Gricean Cooperative Principle (Maxim) and Implicature Presented by: Sofi Fajaryani 11310097 Qurotul ‘Aini 11310101 Wilda Lutfianita 11310104 Siti Umatul M 11310119

The Cooperative Principle (Maxim) Grice suggested that conversation is based on a shared principle of cooperation, something like “ make your conversational contribution what is required. At the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”.

The cooperative principle Paul Grice (1975) The cooperative principle There are 4 kind of Maxims: Quantity Quality Relation manner

Maxim of Quantity Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purposes of exchange) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required Example: A: Sit down at the newly painted table. This referring expression contains information that may be useful to identify the referent. Under the assumption that A is being cooperative, we might expect that the property of “being newly painted” is being chosen for a purpose.

Maxim of Quality Do not say which you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence Example: A: Where’s the nearest supermarket? B: I think there’s one round the corner, but I’m not from these parts. We do feel a general “obligation” to tell the truth, and if we’re uncertain, we indicate that this is the case.

Maxim of Relation Grice: Be relevant! Example: A (to a foreigner she’s only just met): So where are you from? B: Louwesveg 1, 1066 EA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Europe Probably, B could’ve just said: Amsterdam. Clearly, B is giving more information than necessary hence, violating Quantity) Much of this information is completely irrelevant, since the exchange is clearly not intended to go into that level of detail.

Maxim of Manner Grice: - Be perspicuous. - Avoid obscurity of expression. - Avoid ambiguity. - Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity) - Be orderly. Example: A: So sir, do you agree with the new law on hunting? B: Not entirely disagreeable, as I must confess myself not to be, I find certain, shall we say, solecisms in said law. Violations of Manner are a rather good source for humor, but in everyday life give rise to impressions of unbearable pedantry and/or confusion.

Implicature Implicature are inferred based on the assumption that the speaker observes or flouts some principles of cooperation (different autors have identified defferent principles), the most famous one: Grice-4 principles (so called “maxims”)

A : How did you like the guest speaker? B : Well, I am sure he was speaking English. What B implied or meant is that the content or speaker’s speech is very confusing, it makes B don’t understand. A : where is Mr. Ashuri? B : He is either in the canteen or in the Mr. Dadi’s room. What B meant is that B wants not give ambiguous or false information, that the speaker does not have the evidence to give a specific location where he believes Mr. Ashuri is.

Kind of Implicature Conventional Implicature is part of the meaning of word or construction but not part of its truth condition. Example: Joe is poor but happy Assertion (pernyataan yang jelas): Joe is poor. the implicature is that not all of poor people are happy.

2. Conversational Implicature the basic assumption in Conversational Implicature is adhering to the cooperative principle or maxims. Example: A: I am out of petrol. B: There is a garage on the corner.

Generalized Conversational Implicature Inferred without a special reference to context. Example: John walked into a house yesterday. Infer that the house was not John’s house Particularized Conversational Implicature Inferred only due to a special context between particular speaker and hearer A: can you tell me the time? B: well, the milkan is here. It must be the time when the milkman comes

3. Scalar Implicature always communicated by choosing a word expressing one value from a scale of value. Example: Bill has got some of Chomsky’s papers. Infer that Bill doesn’t have all the Chomsky’s papers.

THANK YOU