Canada’s Physical Geography noun The study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries.

D 1 5 4 A B 3 2 C 7 1. North America, 2. South America, 3. Africa, 4. Europe, 5. Asia, 6. Antarctica, 7. Australia A. Atlantic Ocean, B. Pacific Ocean, C. Indian Ocean D. Arctic Ocean 6

Layers of the Earth https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAHY6965o08

Planet Earth The Earth is made up of 3 layers: the core, the mantle, and the crust. The Earth is made up of layers of rock of different ages. Canada has some of the oldest rock – about 4 billion years old!

Core Outer core – very hot and contains mostly liquid rock. Center of the Earth composed of 2 layers: Inner core – very hot and solid because it’s under tremendous pressure. Outer core – very hot and contains mostly liquid rock.

Mantle The middle layer is the thickest layer of the Earth. It is made of solid rock, although high temperature and pressure can cause some of this rock to turn into hot, dense, slow moving liquid rock known as Magma.

Crust The surface of the Earth, the part we walk on, is thinner under the oceans, and thicker under the continents.

Convection currents move air, water, and magma Heat rises Cold drops Causes a rotation of substance being warmed and cooled. https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=0mUU69ParFM

It is believed the world was once one giant super continent called Pangaea. Over time, the plates of Pangaea started to move apart creating the continents we know today.

Continental Drift Scientist Alfred Wegener came up with this theory. The theory that the Earth’s plates are moving. The earth's crust is divided into plates that move because of convection currents in the earths mantle.

Pangea Progression

Scientists found evidence of continental drift to support their theory: 1. The fit of the continental landmasses. 2. Similar fossils in rocks on separate continents. 3. Fossils of sea animals found high in the Himalaya Mountains. https://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?method=cResource.dspDetail&ResourceID=633

Plate Tectonics The concept of Convection currents and plate movement is know as plate tectonics. Canada is located on the North American Plate. It moves about 4 centimeters west every year. When the Pacific plate moves northeasterly it creates a subduction zone.

Subduction zone when one plate slides beneath another creating volcanoes and earthquakes. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-HwPR_4mP4

“Ring of Fire” The zone around the Pacific Ocean is called the “Pacific Ring of Fire.” More than half of the world’s active volcanoes above sea level are found in this zone. The scary part is that the same area has some of the most densely populated regions on the planet!

1/5 of Canada's thousand or so earthquakes happen in British Columbia. Movements of the plates also means that the distance between the Atlantic provinces and Western Europe is increasing every year.

Assignment: Read Textbook Pgs. 21-22 and answer these questions List the layers of the earth from the centre to the atmosphere, and indicate whether they are liquid, solid or gas. What is the reason for the nickname “Pacific Ring of Fire?” Explain why Eastern Canada experiences relatively few major earthquakes.

Landforms READ Page 23 to 26

Landforms or Topography natural features of the land’s surface (topographic maps) Hills, valleys, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.

Landscape Made up of an area’s landforms and includes vegetation, water, ice, rock, human and animal activity. Landscape effects how we live: Food, travel, communication, business, etc.

There are two types of Landscape: 1. Urban landscape city 2. Rural landscape country

How are Landforms Built? Building up forces of mountain building Wearing down forces of weathering Wearing down forces of erosion Building up forces of deposition

Mountain Building https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loFxYSHxTf0 Folding- the bending of many layers of rock. Often due to plates converging. Faulting- the pulling apart of plates causes rock to drop leaving a block mountain. Often due to plates spreading apart. Volcanos- magma is released to the surface through a fault it turns to lava and builds up in layers.

Weathering The gradual breaking down of solid rock by air, water, animals, and plants.

Erosion When the land’ surface is carried away by running water, tides, wind, and glaciers.

Deposition When eroded particles are dropped off in one place by running water, tides, wind and glaciers.